Abstract This paper explains that, in Zimbabwe, not only is corruption found in the media and government but also in other areas including the business sectors, both public and private and even in the professions where bribery exists for the price of attaining one's needs and wants. The author points out that one main root of corruption, which can greatly affect the lives of many people in Zimbabwe, is its government because the government is the major organization that has control over the major resources of the country such as tax collection. The paper relates that education is being negatively affected by the worsening corruption, thus, driving citizens into dangerous conditions as reflected in the poor education of the police force, which, though ignorance, often demonstrates unwanted behaviors. Statistical table.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Effects of Corruption in Zimbabwe Corruption: Affecting the Lives of Many
Corruption in Zimbabwe Affects Education and Behavior of Its Society
Conclusion
From the Paper "Another consequence of land corruption in Zimbabwe is the inability of its people to have lands to build their home to live at. Hence, as the result of land corruption, poor people are forced to live in the streets or build unpleasant forms of houses such as in squatter's areas.
Economic difficulties are currently worsening in Zimbabwe due to the increasing corruption. Still with regards to land acquisitions, when redistribution policies were ordered by Mugabe, corruption still existed. This is another form where those who were not able to obtain land from the redistribution are definitely affected negatively. The same process will then go as was discussed in the previous page. One farming individual who get unfair treatment in land redistribution is equivalent to negatively affecting thousands of people who could have relied from the products that that farmer can produce."
Abstract This paper takes an in-depth look at the politics and economy of Zimbabwe under Robert Mugabe. The author discusses the nation in context with its relationship with other countries, and as part of the global economy. The paper focuses on Zimbabwe through three perspectives: Realism, Liberalism, and Structuralism.
From the paper:
"Global Political Economy is surely one of the most crucially important social sciences of the modern era. It has been argued that there is virtually no aspect of our daily lives which is not circumscribed by this field of study 1) the evidence abounds of how political decisions affect economic policies and vice versa. Just as the results of a macro-economic programme can affect the future of a political party, the profits of a Multi-National Corporation are affected by the ideology of the political elite in a nation. Moreover the modern world order is characterized by a level of interdependence that is unparalleled. States and economies are affected by events which are thousands of kilometers geographically removed from their own location. In light of the focal way in which our lives are affected by the GPE, it is a meritorious undertaking to examine the critical situation in Zimbabwe within the framework of the discipline."
Abstract In this article, the writer notes that given its wide range of resources, it looks as if Zimbabwe should be able to support sustained economic growth, for it has a significant percentage of the world's known reserves of metallurgical-grade chromite, as well as mineral deposits that include coal, asbestos, copper, nickel, gold, platinum, and iron ore. Yet, the writer points out that this once prosperous nation now has an inflation that exceeds 1,000 percent, the majority of the population are unemployed and millions are starving, all of which makes Zimbabwe one of the world's more troubled countries. The writer concludes that with rich mineral assets, an educated workforce, and beautiful natural wonders, Zimbabwe seemed to have the best chance to be an African success story, however the land reform policies have devastated the country.
From the Paper "Inflation is now so high that low-wage workers cannot afford to feed their families. For example, a unionized farm worker earns a minimum wage of $1.3 million Zimbabwean, or about $6 U.S. a month, which will buy a half a chicken and fries at a fast-food restaurant in Harare. Makumbe predicts that the population is being squeezed so dramatically by the collapse of the economy that there will soon be popular uprising against Mugabe. Most political analysts caution that even if Mugabe left power immediately, the recovery of Zimbabwe is going to be a long and difficult process because the very foundation of the economy has been destroyed. Moreover, it is now unclear who owns the farmland, which used to be Zimbabwe's most productive asset. This, together with the fact that the government has been frantically borrowing and printing money to pay its debts, a leading horary economist has noted that Zimbabwe's eventual reconstruction could take decades."
Abstract Review of Lan's book on Zimbabwe during the anti-Colonial struggle for independence (1966-1980). Focuses on the way in which African religion (Spirit Mediums) of the Shon people joined forces with the military. Transformation of guns/death to life-giving forces and independence through the Mediums. History of Zimbabwe. Government administration of the country.
From the Paper "David Lan's Guns and Rain: Guerillas and Spirit Mediums in Zimbabwe examines both the larger culture of this African nation and the particular ways certain cultural vectors came together during the anti-colonial struggle for independence that extended from 1966 to 1980 during which thousands of the country's peasants (who were living traditional lives in many ways set fundamentally apart from the formal political life and struggles of the urban population) joined with the pro-independence guerillas to provide both practical help and psychological support. This support was spearheaded throughout the country by hundreds of spirit mediums, the religious leaders of the Shona people.
It was through the support of these mediums, Lan makes clear, that the scale of the war expanded into a wide-scale act of..."
Abstract This paper analyzes David Lan's "Guns and Rain: Guerrillas and Spirit Mediums in Zimbabwe" which examines both the larger culture of this African nation and the particular ways certain cultural vectors came together during the anti-colonial struggle for independence that extended from 1966 to 1980. The paper shows that during the struggle, thousands of the country's peasants (who were living traditional lives in many ways set fundamentally apart from the formal political life and struggles of the urban population) joined with the pro-independence guerrillas to provide both practical help and psychological support. This support was spearheaded throughout the country by hundreds of spirit mediums, the religious leaders of the Shona people. The paper also presents a history of Zimbabwe from its earliest origins in 800 A.D. to the present day.
From the Paper "Much of the population in Zimbabwe is formally educated, unlike the populations in traditional pre-1960s ethnographies. Primary education in Zimbabwe is both free and compulsory, which shapes people's ability and inclination to interact with non-traditional cultural and social institutions and practices. Higher educational institutions include a number of teachers' colleges and several agricultural and technical schools as well as the University of Zimbabwe at Harare. The fact that so much of the population is educated does not ? as Lan makes clear ? mean that they have turned away from the traditional religion but rather that they have learned to use it (and perhaps to believe in it) in more sophisticated and more complex ways."
Tags: Zambezi, Mutapa, Empire, Rhodesia, Ian, D., Smith, Robert, Mugabe
This paper discusses the Republic of Zimbabwe, a country in South Africa formerly called Rhodesia or Southern Rhodesia, before it achieved independence from Great Britain.
Abstract This paper discusses that Zimbabwe's financial problems are tied to a serious and controversial internal problem regarding ownership of land that has had a significant negative impact on the country's major industry, agriculture. The author relates that South Africa, which provides Zimbabwe with most of its power and water, has threatened to cut off supplies of those resources if President Mugabe does not work with others within his country to stabilize it. The paper states that President Robert Mugabe, whose political roots lie in the liberation efforts of the 1960s, is described as having a strong and even ruthless style of leadership, being anti-Western and distrustful of Western-style capitalism, and dealing harshly with any opposition.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Major Domestic Issues
Land Issues
Election Fraud
Conclusion
From the Paper "Zimbabwe has had an interesting history with regard to establishing a democracy. When the country of Rhodesia unilaterally declared its independence from Great Britain, much as the United States did in the 18th century, the country drew up a Constitution. That Constitution gave preference to Whites in a variety of areas, including land ownership. While it was more understandable for this to happen in the late 18th century, when slavery was common in the New World, it's a little harder to understand in the second half of the 20th Century."
Abstract The paper examines Zimbabwe's political and economic history to gain an understanding of the evolution of President Robert Mugabe's government, which came into power with Zimbabwe's independence in 1980. The paper describes the current political situation and examines the possible types of international interventions, namely, the African Union and the United Nations peacekeeping force. The paper concludes by emphasizing the vital need for a pan-African monitoring and peacekeeping force. The paper includes three color maps as appendices to the paper.
Outline:
Political and Economic History
Description of the Current Political Situation
Possible Type of Intervention of International Intervention
Conclusion
From the Paper "Headlining the news each day for the past several months have been stories about the presidential elections in Zimbabwe. The residing president, Robert Mugabe, is struggling to maintain his political position and power in a country that would have seen him gone almost a decade ago but for the fact that Mugabe has carried out a campaign of terror, torture and fraud against the people of his country (Hamill, 2000, 129). Current economic conditions in Zimbabwe are catastrophic in terms of financial devastation to industry, businesses, and agriculture (Hamill, 2000, 129). Economic conditions are so severe, in fact, that people are risking their lives to support Mugabe's political opposition (Dugger, 2008). The online site of the BBC Radio reports that Zimbabwe's inflation rate currently exceeds 100,000% (BBC Radio, 2008, online)."
Tags: African, Union, United, Nations, Mugabe, relief, destruction, corruption, terrorism
Abstract This paper is an in-depth discussion about the alarming devastation that the AIDS epidemic has caused in Africa today. The author specifically examines the AIDS crisis in Zimbabwe, and the country's dire need for global intervention. The paper provides staggering statistics about who and how many people in Zimbabwe are affected by the AIDS virus.
From the Paper "In 1978, popular American horror novelist Stephen King published an apocalyptic account of accidental global exposure to a deadly synthetic super virus he called Captain Tripps. Readers of The Stand would recall this tale with a haunting sense of deja vu only a few short years later when a similar semblance of evil rolled in with the 1980s. Unknown and unnamed, this villain would soon come to be recognized by the title of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome but more widely known by the ironically misleading helpful-sounding acronym AIDS."
Abstract This paper deals primarily with Rhodesian (modern-day Zimbabwe) politics in the 20th century, specifically that of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) and its ideology. Issues such as the role of ZANU, Cecil Rhodes and the British invasion, and the last one hundred years of Rhodesian history are considered, particularly focusing on the country's drive towards independence. Cecil Rhodes? confrontation with the Ndebele tribe, African resistance groups and their role in fighting for freedom, and Rhodesia's long history of British alliance are all discussed as subjects that help to answer the author's thesis. The main question the author tries to answer is: Was Ian Smith's government acting in good intention when declaring illegal independence from Britain?
From the Paper The road to freedom and development in modern day Africa has been a lengthy struggle for the continent's nations. Political negotiations, violent uprisings, and anti- European liberation movements were all employed by different African countries at various times, depending on how difficult achieving independence would be. For nations like Tanganyika, independence was obtained through less hectic means; as this country's primary nationalist movement (Tanganyika African National Union), led by Julius Nyere, won a decisive majority in the 1958 British parliamentary election. TANU's victory coupled with the support they received from several powerful white-settler politicians resulted in independence for this nation, ultimately constructed around a fair and non-racial constitution.
Abstract This paper discusses the conflict between the Congo, Uganda and Rwanda and their tribes called the Hutus and the Tutsis. It provides a history of the current problem and examines the ethnic issues at the core of the conflict. Zimbabwe's relation to the conflict is also discussed as well as the impact of this crisis on central Africa's society and economy.
From the Paper "The African region has always been a region at war with itself. Since the time when this region was under the colonial umbrella, to now when the influence is mainly indirect in the form of TNC?s, Africa has been unable to find the answer to its internal problems. When the colonialists lost their direct influence in the region, it was expected that finally the time has come that Africa's own leaders will stand up for their respective country's rights but that did not materialize as one after the other, self serving leaders found their way to power. The Great Lakes Crisis is a saga in the epic that concerns the nations that were previously under the French sphere of influence. "
Abstract This paper explores the art work produced on houses and clothes by the Ndebele, a broad range of ethnic groups found across Zimbabwe and the Transvaal Province of South Africa. These groups are also noted for their colorful wall paintings and the way that their costumes use the same motifs, showing a connection between their dress and their homes that extends back into their history. The paper describes a typical Ndebele home, with emphasis on the way it is decorated, materials used and the use of color and patterns. It examines the symbolism of specific shapes. The paper also examines the influence of Western imagery on Ndebele art.
From the Paper "These designs, however, apparently do not symbolize cosmological or religious concepts. There is also no apparent symbolism to the color used. The beadwork that is made by Ndebele culture is another matter for it is seen as an expression of individual or social identity. Geometrically patterned beadwork is typical of Nguni culture but is unique in Ndebele culture in the extent to which it is used on clothing. Beadwork displays social status by the number and quality of beads used. Age is also communicated, as can be initiate and marital status. The engaged girl spends much time making beaded waist rings for the women in the family and in the family of her betrothed. Beadwork also denotes newly initiated young men, who wear heavy waist and arm rings and other beaded ornaments produced by their mothers during their initiation period (4)."
Abstract This paper explains why the current leader of Zimbabwe, Robert Mugabe, epitomizes John Locke's definition of a tyrant. The paper explains that Locke's definition of a tyrant is that of a sovereign who attempts merely to protect and enshrine his own power and wealth and is not concerned with the protection and welfare of the citizens of his country. The paper further explains that Mugabe fits Locke's definition of a tyrant perfectly because of his brutal treatment of his country's citizens and the abuse of his powers to protect and enhance his own wealth.
From the Paper "The history of colonialism and the history of political philosophy have given rise to many ironies. One early manifestation of the irony was when the British 17th century philosopher John Locke's Second Treatise on Government gave the philosophical justification for the American Founding Fathers to resist the English government's domination over the North American colonies. John Locke's statement that the protection of the citizen's life, liberty, and preservation of property was the ultimate aim of government, not the monarchy's self-interested personal self-preservation was echoed in the language of "The Declaration of Independence" in 1776."
Abstract This paper examines the extent to which the former British African colonies influenced one another, independent of British leadership. It describes the reasons why the colonies influenced each other, focusing specifically on two of the former African colonies under the British Empire - Kenya and Zimbabwe. The paper describes the background of the colonization and the self-determination of the two colonies.
Table of Contents:
Background
Self-Determination
From the Paper "In summary, the influences that the Black African organizations had on one another during the process of decolonization ranged from persuasive, in joining together in the call for unity and Black leadership in the African nations; coercion during the years process of decolonization as the individual self-interest and groups vying for power became more subversive and coercive in nature in a struggle for power; and, finally, at least for Kenya and Rhodesia, a period of acculturation, during which the pending Black leadership assumed the identity and institutions and roles of the as yet in tact British empire. The new regimes resorted again to coercion in order to deal with the remnants of the colonialism, and to fend off competing Black forces challenging existing authorities for political power."
Abstract This paper describes the history of Thabo Mbeki. The paper covers his early years, his ascendancy to president of South Africa, his policies and criticisms of them, and his subsequent fall from the presidency.
Outline:
Beginnings
The World Traveler and Mbeki's Rise to Power
President Thabo Mbeki
Mbeki's Stance on AIDS
Mbeki's Support of Zimbabwe's Mugabe
The Change of Power
Thabo Mbeki's Legacy
From the Paper "The effect that the arrest of his father had on Thabo Mbeki was a radicalizing one - Thabo Mbeki was now even more staunchly in conflict with the policies of the Nationalist government and became even more involved in the activities of the African National Congress. During this period of time Mbeki's brother "disappeared", and the rising tide of violence and insurgency in South Africa continued to grow. The increased involvement of Mbeki in the African National Congress, subsequent banning of the ANC during the early 1960s, the arrest of his father, and the disappearance of his brother led to prominent ANC members becoming concerned about the safety of Mbeki. Urged by higher level African National Congress Members to flee the country in order to preserve his safety and unable to procure a visa and the proper paperwork to do so given his relationship with the government, Mbeki crossed the border into Tanzania. Upon arriving in Tanzania Thabo Mbeki booked a flight to Great Britain, where he studied for his Master's Degree in Economics at the University of Sussex. "
Abstract This paper concerns itself with applying Thomas H. Green's taxonomy of revolution leadership, "Comparative Revolutionary Movements" to two cases in a comparative manner: the enigmatic personas of Samora Machel and Sam Nujoma. The author provides extensive background information on the revolutions and revolutionaries in question. The paper discusses how Green sets out an analytical framework for comparing revolutions based on the comparison of leadership, support, ideology, organization, techniques and external support.
From the Paper:
"Revolution has pervaded the landscape of modern African history with a plethora of different examples. To be sure, from Algeria to Guinea Bissau, Angola to Mozambique and Zimbabwe to Namibia, Africa has seen her fair share of transformation-orientated uprising. Each of the myriad of African revolutions has their own story to tell regarding causes, characteristics and outcomes. This paper concerns itself with the characteristics of revolution. To be specific, the leaderships aspects of revolution. Now, African history is colored with many great revolutionaries: Hendrik Witbooi, Joshua Nkomo, Robert Mugabe, Jonas Savimbi, Ben Bella, john Chilembwe and Bambatha all invoke in their own right memories of the some of the greatest African leaders of our time and that of the generations before us. It is important to understand the socio-psychology of this very unique type of leadership. To this end, we can employ the criterion of Thomas H Green, developed in his seminal work "Comparative Revolutionary Movements."
