Abstract This paper will give a brief history of the YOA and give special attention to the Ontario Crime Control Commission (OCCC), which has recently made its own report on youth crime. The main thesis of this paper will be that the Commission's recommendations are prudent, but that they come up short in dealing with the social causes of juvenile criminality. The Commission should have spent more time and energy on considering why young people become offenders in the first place. Preventative measures are ultimately much more effective than state-sanctioned retribution.
Abstract This paper researches the British legal system with regards to youthful offenders and the sentencing of juvenile offenders in British Courts. This research shows that more studies are necessary in order to develop a program to better assist youngoffenders in the British legal system.
Contents:
Research Proposal Objective
Statement of the Problem
Introduction
Methodology of the Research
Age of Juvenile Offender According to General British Law
Alternative Sentencing Solutions Available in British Courtrooms
Youthful Offenders: Custodial Sentence
Argument Both For and Against Custodial Sentencing of YoungOffenders Findings
From the Paper "The age of 'responsibility' or 'accountability' in the criminal justice court in England and Wales is the age of 10. Juveniles in the age range between 10 and 17 years old must appear before a youth court upon receiving a criminal charge A National Institute of Justice report states that "the sanctions available to youth courts are more restricted than those for adult courts, the major differences being that fines can be imposed which parents must pay and supervision or attendance center orders may be imposed." (NIJ Report) Options exist that may be pursued in lieu of typical trial on the case the defendant is charged under. For example, the following options are available in the British Court/Legal System. Alternatives to trials exist, according to the National Institute of Justice Report due to the possibility of a "formal caution administered by the police, used disproportionately for young offenders...." Stated is that a caution of a formal nature makes as a requirement that specific conditions be met. Inclusive in these requirements is that the offender: (1) admit to the offense; and (2) The offender and their guardian must be willing to "proceed as the police wish".
The following is stated in relation to Youth Courts which are one within the division of various Special Courts: Courts. Youth courts are specialized magistrates' courts that adjudicate cases involving defendants less than 18 years of age. There are restrictions on the access of the public and press to such courts. The defendant and any other witnesses under 18 years old must not be identified. "
Tags: restorative, process, custodial, sentencing, probation, community, service
Abstract This paper discusses the implementation of the YoungOffenders Act (YOA), that was enacted in order to attempt to reduce youth crime in Canada. The paper analyzes research that discusses the reasons why youth crime fell each year from 1991 until 1996 and the fact that apprehension and charging rates over time tended to be due to legislative changes rather than actual changes in criminal behavior.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Crime in the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s: The YoungOffenders Act
Youth Crime in Canada Under the Youth Criminal Justice Act
Comparison with "Other" Crime: Workplace Violence
Conclusion
From the Paper "Overall, the findings indicate that in terms of youth crime in Canada, changes in apprehension and charging rates over time tend to be due to legislative changes rather than actual changes in criminal behavior. Recent results indicate that in the last few years, increases in chargeable youth rates were probably owing to technical reporting factors rather than changed police charging practices. Regarding another form of crime, workplace violence has decreased in Canada over the years in every sector apart from the health care, welfare and community service industries, which experienced marked increases. Reasons behind these changes are probably social and political in nature. Heightened scores in some provinces were found to be probably related to the fact that there are a greater proportion of residents in these areas working in high risk sectors for workplace violence."
This paper scrutinizes various treatment methods available for sexual offenders (including sexual assault, incest and paedophilia) as well the future and societal issues concerning this problem.
2,717 words (approx. 10.9 pages), 14 sources, 2002, $ 81.95
Abstract This paper endeavours to explore the different types of treatment employed in the rehabilitation process for sex offenders and what the current and future societal issues surrounding offender treatment are. It defines what a sexual crime is, what types of sexual offenders there are and the various styles of treatment that are currently employed to battle this type of psychosis. It looks at matching the type of treatment most influential to the different type of sexual offender and highlights some future concerns society needs to address in order to continue the research the rehabilitation of the sexual offender effectively.
From the Paper Incest offenders usually do not have long criminal histories before the current charges, and most are being convicted for the first time. They are the most minimising and denying of the sexual offender sorts and will be adamant that it happened 'only once', that the child "propositioned" them, that alcohol was to blame, etc. Destroying this system of denial and twisted beliefs is necessary and can perhaps best be achieved in tandem with family-based therapy. Within a correctional institution setting, endeavours must be made to contact the family and/or social service networks dealing with the family so as to successfully face the offender
Abstract This paper studies therapy for sex offenders. The paper examines human development issues associated with male sex offenders aged 18-40. The paper focuses on the effectiveness of therapeutic approaches for this population. The paper offers theories of sexual deviance and profiles of male sex offenders. The paper concludes that while these individual and group psycho- therapeutic approaches may be effective, they can also be counterproductive.
From the Paper "This paper examines human development issues associated with young male sex offenders aged and years as well as the effectiveness of therapeutic approaches for this population. In the first half of the paper the developmental issues of a typical population..."
Abstract This paper discusses how every day many children across the world, but most notably, those in the Unites States, fall victim to sexual abuse. The paper reports that it is estimated that over 60 million people today are survivors of child sexual abuse. The paper further discusses the life-long impact the abuse has on the abused children.
Outline:
Abstract
Sexual Offenders and Sexual Abuse
Impact on the Victims
Victim Characteristics
Sexual Offender Types and Terms
Warning Signs and Abuse Disclosure
Sex Offender Punishments
Conclusion
From the Paper "Over the course of our country's history, society has had to deal with many very important social issues (abortion, religion, equal rights, etc.). One topic, however, remains an extremely prominent problem. Sexual abuse in this country, and in many others, has become so recurrent that it has affected hundreds of thousands of people, most notably children. The effects of sexual abuse on the victims are, by and large, everlasting, and very troublesome. Sexual abuse is quite the 'forbidden' topic, as it makes everyone uncomfortable, but this is precisely why it needs to be addressed and dealt with. Abusers are most commonly punished with jail time and some are required to attend therapy sessions, but some are not. This method of punishment and rehabilitation, fearfully, is not quite as successful as everyone tends to believe it is. Many sex offenders become repeat offenders more often than people would like to realize. Due to the fact that child sexual abuse is such a serious issue, and many children are affected for the rest of their lives, there needs to be much more improvement in the area of preventing this from happening, as well as helping the victims and treating the offenders so that they do not continue to hurt others in this way. The major question that needs to be reflected upon is can these people be helped, and if so, what are the more successful ways of doing this? If not, how can we better prevent such occurrences from happening? First, it needs to be discussed what sexual abuse is."
Abstract This paper explains that the author proposes to design an inpatient adolescent sexual offender treatment program where treatment groups are separated according to their respective personality types, as measured by the Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory (MACI). The paper stresses that the purpose of such a program would be to reduce the recidivism rates of juvenile sexual offenders and decrease their probability of becoming adult offenders. The findings of the presented literature review indicate that specific factors used in assessment, including biopsychosocial and biological with mediating and causal influences, can be linked to rates of recidivism among adolescent sexual abusers, thereby, supporting the proposed treatment program.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Background of the Study
Objectives and Purpose
Methodology
Importance of the Research
Literature Review
Summary of the Literature Reviewed
Findings
From the Paper "Stated as the ninth misconception is that ASOs have other serious disorders of a psychological nature however the opposite is true because the majority of ASOs do not have serious large psychological problems but of those that do have serious psychological problems experience depression, learning disabilities, and conduct disorders, all of which should be addressed at the time of treatment. The tenth stated misconception is that ASOs should not attend public schools however, many of the ASOs are able to attend public schools and participate in then normal activities of adolescents."
Tags: offense-related, sex offender types, laws misconception pediatricians
Abstract This paper examines sexual offender and crime issues, not only from psychological perspectives, but from sociological perspectives as well. This papers approach enables the author to comprehensively analyze the various factors and impulses which influence sex offenders and criminals, and provides a broad range of scholarly analysis from which conclusions can be made.
From the Paper "In 'Sexual Offenses and Offenders', author Karen J. Terry examines sexual offender issues not only from psychological perspectives, but from sociological perspectives as well. This approach enables her to comprehensively analyze the various factors and impulses which influence sex offenders, and provides a broad range of scholarly analysis from which conclusions can be made. Terry (2005) argues that ultimately, in most sex offender cases, societal and psychological pressures combine to trigger deviant behavior which can escalate into sexual abuse of children, abduction, rape, violent assault, and homicide."
Abstract This paper discusses the motivation behind sexual offenders and the devastating effects of the crime on its victims. The paper explains that sexual offenders turn their victims into objects that they dominate and degrade and that sexual child abuse and rape hurts the individual mentally and spiritually. Furthermore, victims are often misunderstood and suffer long-term problems. The paper includes statistics on rape and child sexual abuse.
From the Paper "According to the U.S. Department of Justice, "Somewhere in America, a woman is raped every 2 minutes" (American Rape Statistics 2006). Rape is a major problem in America with many women failing to report rape to the police or even their significant other. One in six American women has been the victim of an attempted or completed rape..." (2005). Are these women raped by strangers? Are these women harmed if they are not beaten or stabbed? The statistics on sexual child abuse is similar. "The typical child sex offender molests an average of 117 children, most of who do not report the offence" (Child Abuse 2006). Many of these victims become adults without telling anyone during their childhood years and often do not tell others even as adults. Child Abuse Research and Statistics show that "there are 60 million survivors of childhood sexual abuse in America today"."
Abstract This paper addresses current trends in therapy for sex offenders that are based on developing empathy for the victim. This paper cites literature which shows overwhelmingly that therapists believe "victim empathy" if approached with a well-trained, informed and experienced professional, has more positive outcomes than other methods. The writer concludes that effective therapy involves some sort of meeting, under therapeutic circumstances, for the victim and the offender.
From the Paper "Meanwhile, Adams suggests that "victim empathy has long been considered an important dynamic variable in sex offender treatment," and as a result of this history of victim empathy being incorporated into therapy, "most treatment programs have modules designed to increase victim empathy." Adams goes on, however, to assert that "most" victim empathy treatment modules are "primarily cognitive" and as a result, the offender fine-tunes an "appropriate verbal response" but no real changes occur within the offender's emotional self. That doesn't mean, however, that there is no value in victim empathy, since some studies Adams is familiar with show "a relationship between a person's capacity to experience and express their own painful emotions and the capacity to respond sympathetically to the emotional pain of another.""
Abstract This article consists of two parts. The first part discusses the stakeholders of the Mentally Ill Offenders Treatment and Crime Reduction Act of 2004. The advocacy and policy of these stakeholders are discussed, as well as what could have been done differently. The second paper develops a position that agrees with this policy. It addresses the policy's strengths and weaknesses and looks at what should be provided. The writer further discusses how it should be funded, who should administer the program and provides a recommended course of action. "
From the Paper "The stakeholders in the Mentally Ill Offenders Treatment and Crime Reduction Act were many. There were originally five senators who backed the bill as it was initially proposed, including Sen. Mike DeWine of Ohio, who introduced the legislation in order "to foster local collaborations which will ensure that resources are effectively and efficiently used within the criminal and juvenile justice systems". These initial stakeholders might have proposed a different and higher amount of funding for grants, etc. in the legislation, as those who sponsored it in the House of Representatives cut funding in half, writing that "the bill authorizes $50 million for the current fiscal year 2005, and such sums as shall be necessary for fiscal years 2006 through 2009" as opposed to the $100 million that the original asked for."
Abstract This paper examines Hawthorne's own life and Puritanical beliefs exhibited in his novel ?Young Goodman Brown.? It provides detailed biographical information on the author's life and analyzes the faith and nature of his religious perspective. The paper is loaded with quotes from the novel in support of analytical literary assessments.
From the Paper "Nathaniel Hawthorne was born in Salem Massachusetts on July 4, 1804. Hawthorne had two sisters, Elizabeth and Louisa. He grew up with great access to the classics of English literature, as he injured his foot at age nine and couldn"t play outside for two years. In 1808, his father passed away, and in 1816, his family moved to Raymond, Maine, in a house on Lake Sebago. This provided Hawthorne with much solitude, which he cherished, for three years (Martin 5). In 1819, his mother sent him back to Salem to go to school. It was at this time that he began to write poetry. He also became a bookkeeper for his Uncle William. Hawthorne entered Bowdoin College in Brunswick, Mass., in 1821, and was the first of his family to attend college. He didn"t know what he wanted to be, however."
