Abstract This paper examines the history of ballet from 15th century Italy until present day. It then looks at the history of BalletNY, formerly DanceGalaxy and founded in 1997 by former New YorkCityBallet Principal Ballerina Judith Fugate and international guest artist, Medhi Bahiri.
Paper Outline:
Introduction
Humble Beginnings
The Emergence of Ballet Opera Ballet Liberation Ballerina
Social Change
A Decline In Interest
The New YorkCityBallet and BalletNY: Full Circle
Bibliography
From the Paper "Judith Fugate is a former principal ballerina with the New York City Ballet. She has danced roles in virtually every ballet in the NYCB repertoire counting Peter Martins and Mikhail Baryshnikov among her many famous partners. In 1997, she left the New York City Ballet Company to purse a career as a freelance Guest Artist and Co-Artistic Director of what is now known as BalletNY. In addition to touring extensively, Fugate has appeared on "Live from Lincoln Center" with Ray Charles in Peter Martin's "A Fool for You", and in the Metropolitan Opera's production of "La Traviata", conducted by Placido Domingo."
Abstract This paper illustrates the issues of large urban port cities as seen in Dublin and New YorkCity. The paper provides an in-depth history of each city and compares the social issues of the urban environment, ethnic diversity, poverty and crime.
From the Paper "New York City is generally considered the doorway to America. It is the largest city in the nation, seven million strong, and a main hub of financial activity. This is probably the most racially and ethnically diverse of the large American cities, the epitome of the melting pot. A third of the population is of African descent, fifteen percent are Jewish, twelve percent Hispanic. Other ethnic populations have a vocal presence, including the Irish, Italian, Chinese, Korean, Indian, and other Asians. If one city has represent urban America over the last 200 years, it would be the harbor city of New York, New York.
" Across the Atlantic ocean lies another city, a little farther from the ocean, though not much. It is the "fair city" of Dublin, that capitol of the Republic of Ireland. This is a fairly heterogeneous city, for it is the center of 4,000 year old struggle for cultural sanctity and independence. The vast majority of the citizens are Irish or British nationals, Christian and white. Most are Roman Catholic, and the largest "minority" are the British Protestants. One fourth of the citizens of Ireland, approximately 900,000 souls all told, now live in Dublin and its suburbs, and its name is becoming synonymous with Irish culture and tradition."
Tags: dublin, new, york, city, urban, city, cities, port, social, issue, environemnt, ethnic, diversity, poverty, crime
Abstract The paper discusses the issue of curfew, its practice around the U.S. and whether New YorkCity should implement a youth curfew. The paper's final analysis endorses the idea of a curfew as one step in preventing an increase in juvenile crime.
From the Paper "Curfew Laws for New York City: Argument in Favor of a Curfew Law in New York City. Curfew laws are regulations which specify the hours that certain age groups must remain off public sidewalks and streets or in other public spaces. Most, but not all American cities, have some type of curfew laws in place. Such laws are generally intended to keep juveniles off the streets during certain hours, generally late evening and early morning, for their own protection and to prevent or retard juvenile crime."
Abstract This paper explores ways in which New YorkCity can prevent violence in its schools by studying the city of Houston. The paper argues that there is a need for an innovative approach to school violence.
From the Paper "Americans, who tend to resist regimentation and social control, nevertheless have demanded that school safety be a central priority. Schools must be weapon-free zones which may well require extra on-campus security."
Tags: education, school violence, New YorkCity, Houston
Abstract The paper relates that Robert Caro's book, "The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall ofnew YorkCity", details Moses' personality and dealings with the political structure that allowed his meteoric rise and subsequent impact on New York and the nation as a whole. The paper then goes on to discuss the main points of Moses' life as chronicled in the book.
From the Paper " Following Moses' rise from his early years to the age of 80, when he finally lost all power, Caro thoroughly dissects this developer, showing all his defects of arrogance, vanity, racism, scheming, egomania, and ruthlessness. Yet, this man, writes Caro, was the only one able at that time to mold New York. In the mid-twentieth century, notes Caro, (5) it was well known that the city was "ungovernable." Since the governmental powers had mostly devolved to its mayor, no political entity could govern the city or do more than "merely stay afloat in the maelstrom that had engulfed the vast metropolis"
Tags: arrogance, vanity, racism, scheming, egomania, ruthlessness, New, York
Abstract This paper explains that, when Giuliani became mayor, New York was a crime ridden, welfare city, an undesirable place to live and especially to visit; however, by the time, he finished his second term, New YorkCity was a very different place. The author points out that, to build the tourism industry, Giuliani changed the bureaucratic New YorkCity Travel and Visitors Bureau to the marketing organization, NYC & Company, which knew how to target an audience and highlight the city's most sellable asset; its unique diversity found nowhere else. The paper stresses that the way Mayor Giuliani responded to the World Trade Towers bombing not only proves that a city can recover from such an incident but also even the travel and tourism industry can come back bigger and better.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Biographical Sketch of Rudy Giuliani
Rudy Giuliani: Crime Fighter and Reformer
The Rebirth of New YorkCity Travel and Tourism
The World Trade Tower Bombings and New YorkCity's Rebound
Conclusion
From the Paper "Giuliani focused on the private economy as a driver of opportunity. He urged New Yorkers to take responsibility for their lives and for their well-being. He felt that the state should provide basic services, but that is all. The opportunities for prosperity rest on the shoulders of the people, not the state, according to Giuliani. This attitude shifted responsibility to the private citizens. It helped to instill a sense of pride and self-determination. This was the key factor in the ability to turn around the ailing city."
Abstract This paper reports that, in 2004, New YorkCity set a record when the number of homeless New Yorkers residing in shelters reached the highest point in the city's history. The author points out that 90 percent of homeless New Yorkers are black or Latino, even though only 53 percent of New YorkCity's total population is black or Latino; moreover, over 60 percent of homeless families previously lived in four of New YorkCity's poorest neighborhoods, and over half of the homeless mothers have a history of domestic violence. This paper concludes that it will take years of dedication and focus for New YorkCity to ease the problem of homelessness by creating not only adequate permanent housing for the homeless, which actually will cost less than the present shelter and other emergency care programs, but also available services for those suffering from mental illness and substance abuse.
From the Paper "According to the Coalition for the Homeless, in the month of August 2004, some 36,400 homeless men, women, and children were sleeping each night in the New York City shelter system, including 15,300 children, 12,700 adult family members, and 8,400 single adults, with many thousands more sleeping on city streets, park benches, and subway trains. New York City's homeless shelter population has increased by 73 percent since 1998, from 21,000 to the current 36,400. The past six years has seen the number of homeless families sleeping in New York City shelters and welfare hotels increase by 99 percent, from 4,429 families in January 1998 to 8,726 families in August 2004. Moreover, the average stay for homeless families in the municipal shelter system has almost doubled over the past decade, from six months in 1992, to nearly twelve months today."
Abstract This paper argues that although there is no guarantee that New YorkCity will be chosen to host the Olympics;the world community is very sympathetic to what happened to New York in 2001, and New York may well be chosen to host this event. The author believes that the positive energy, financial gains and overall improvements to the city will outweigh the negative effects on life in an already-congested city and the risk of another terrorist attack. The paper concludes that the most compelling reason for hosting the Summer 2012 Olympics in New YorkCity may be its capacity to help heal a city that has suffered such a devastating blow as 9/11.
From the Paper "While the Summer Olympics will only last three weeks, many permanent benefits will come to the city. The city's public transportation system will be upgraded, made more attractive and possibly expanded. New York City has one of the most efficient public transportation systems in the world, but currently looks worn and tired. Trains and stations will be cleaned, and other cosmetic improvements such as better lighting will benefit New Yorkers long after the Olympics are over."
Abstract This paper explains that the New YorkCity water system delivers drinking water to more than 8 million city residents plus 1 million consumers in other counties and then returns the used water into the New York's extensive wastewater treatment system. The author points out that the Metropolitan Sewerage commission was created in 1904 after the discovery of the link between waterborne bacteria and human disease. The paper relates that one of the leading challenges and causes of wastewater collection system blockages is FOG---fats, oil and grease. The author relates that solutions counteracting FOG are large monetary penalties requiring the polluter to appear in court every time a fine is issued, helping businesses comply with regulations and installing grease interceptors. The paper includes a figure.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
History and Overview of New YorkCity's Wastewater Treatment System
FOG: A Primary Challenge to New YorkCity's Wastewater Treatment System Faces
Solutions to FOG
Conclusion
From the Paper "Grease interceptors are used to prevent FOG materials from entering and clogging the sewer lines. All City business that dispose of grease, fats or oil should have a grease interceptor installed, including: restaurants, hospitals, day cares, senior centers, nursing homes, and other food handling operations. The interceptor works by separating the grease and oils from the wastewater. FOG laden wastewater enters the interceptor and passes through a vented flow control fitting that regulates the flow of the wastewater."
Abstract This paper examines the modern history of New YorkCity politics, from the late 1940's until today. The post-war demographics are discussed, including an overview of the emergence of the Jewish population and its influence in the city's political life. The paper provides a look at the various different mayors of the city over the decades. The paper emphasizes the extensive multicultural population of New YorkCity and the importance of the political leaders to acknowledge this.
Table of Contents
Introduction
The Late 1940's and 1950's and Wagner
The 1960's and Lindsay
The 1970's and Financial Crisis
The 1980's and Koch
The 1990's to 2001 and Guiliani
Conclusion
Works Cited
From the Paper "Following World War II, the Tammany Hall political machine began to lose the nearly overwhelming power that it had once enjoyed. The emergence of Jewish and Italian populations challenged the old Irish dominance. Changes in the loyalties of Jewish and Irish voters brought new political figures to the forefront. Political parties such as the Liberal Party (primarily Jewish) began to exercise influence in elections."
Abstract The paper records the establishment of the first firefighting unit in New Amsterdam consisting of four men and their buckets and explains their roles and duties. It explains the expansion of this group to include night watchmen called Prowlers. The paper describes the first two fire engines that the city employed and the establishment of the volunteer ?Fire Department of the City of New York". The paper details how the department continued to expand and progress and how additional firefighting systems and tools were implemented over time in order to serve and protect the residents of New YorkCity. The paper concludes with a description of the role played by firefighters when terrorists destroyed the Twin Towers on September 11.
From the Paper "In order to combat the major problem of "rowdyism" at fire scenes, and to prevent persons who were not firemen from entering the fire lines, in 1855 the Common Council designed a badge to be conspicuously displayed by every fireman while on duty. The firemen were then required by law to wear their badges. Each badge was made of metal and bore a number to be kept in the fire department's records as a means of identifying owner (Journal)."
A discussion of whether the imagery that artists in the twentieth century used to portray New YorkCity was manipulated by the artists or were more documentary in nature.
Abstract As America developed in the nineteenth century, large cities sprang up across the nation. In particular, by the twentieth century with the help of an influx of immigration, New YorkCity had become a bustling city with well over one million people. Opinions on the quality of city life were mixed, especially among artists. This paper refutes the arguments put forth by cultural historian, Alan Trachtenberg, in his book "Reading American Art", that artists, specifically photographers like Alfred Stieglitz, manipulated their art to convey their individual feelings toward the big city. The paper argues that Trachtenberg unfairly groups all artists that presented urban imagery into the same category. The photography Trachtenberg refers to differs substantially from other photographers and painters that portrayed city life. The paper includes several reproductions of photographs and paintings.
From the Paper "However, most often, the Ashcan artists focused on the city as a collection of individual "microneighborhoods"4 rather than a larger entity. This differs again from Trachtenberg's assertion that the city is most often depicted as picturesque. Again, by inserting people into the picture, the picturesque nature is lost. In comparing Sloan's A Woman's Work to Hine's Playground in a Tenement Alley there are parallels that can be drawn. Both show low class tenements with their laundry hanging out to dry over an alley. Sloan's painting portrays the house work that women must do and suggests that the woman is the one who keeps the house in order. Hine's photo proposes that while the children live in a run down rookery tenement, they are quite satisfied playing baseball."
Tags: Jessie, Tarbox, Beals, Arnold, Genthe, Lewis, Hine, Ashcan, School
Abstract The writer examines the causes underlying Colombian immigration to New YorkCity. The paper the explores the experience of Colombians upon arrival in this foreign land. The writer looks at the various obstacles that immigrants faced in New York. Finally, the paper illuminates the contribution of Colombian immigrants to the multi-faceted character of New YorkCity.
From the Paper "The primary period of Colombian immigration to New York City can be deduced from official statistics. According to the U.S. Census, the peak period of South American immigration to the U.S. occurred from 1971 to 1980 (Kraly, 1987, p. 43). In this new wave of immigrants, Colombians constituted half of the immigrants coming from South America. Within that period, 25,800 Colombian immigrants immigrated to the region of New York City and New Jersey (Kraly, 1987, pp. 57-9)."
Abstract The writer of this article notes that Robert Lewis, in "A City Transformed: Manufacturing Districts and Suburban Growth in Montreal, 1850-1929", and Richard Harris, in "Industry and Residence: The Decentralization of New YorkCity, 1900-1940", deal with the phenomenon of suburbanization in two large North American cities within time frames overlapping the early 20th century. The writer points out that both authors' analyses of changes in residential settlement, industrial relocation, and the restructuring of the urban and suburban landscapes along class lines represent a radical revision of the traditional conceptual models of the processes of suburbanization. The writer maintains that both of these articles are primarily descriptive as opposed to theoretical. It is only when one considers them in terms of the article they later jointly authored - "The Geography of North American Cities and Suburbs, 1900-1950" - that one may see how explicitly their revisionist perspectives, foreshadowed in these earlier articles, have challenged prevailing theoretical models of suburbanization in North America.
Outline:
Introduction
New York and Montreal: Key Findings
The Findings in their Larger Theoretical Context
Conclusion
From the Paper "The findings that the move to the suburbs in both Montreal and New York City during the late 19th and early 20th century was comprised of working class people represents a critical distinction between this phase of suburbanization and the more well-known later 20th century model. For example, in the 20th century settlement in the suburbs was seen as a means of escaping low-income housing. In a number of American cities, a racial dimension was added to this class distinction, as the suburbs became areas to which the blue-collar white workers and the white middle-class resettled from the inner city, which was left to the African American working class. Studies of cities such as Detroit have found that these industrial suburbs are notably "hostile" to Black settlement; a factor that adds the complications of race and ethnicity to class in explaining settlement patterns and the processes of suburbanization."
Abstract The paper proposes solutions that will generate revenue and expand operations at the New YorkCity Arboretum. The paper discusses donation fees for admission and parking, fees for the tram transportation service, attracting more visitors by employing additional scientists and staff and aggressive advertising. The paper relates that the Arboretum has to change its scope and mission by expanding botanical research and providing sufficient up-to-date research for college students.
Outline:
Alternative Solutions
Pros and Cons of the Alternative Solution
Overall Recommendations for the New YorkCity Arboretum
From the Paper "The New York Arboretum was founded in the mid 1800s and situated across a 250-acre strip of land. The Arboretum was "founded by two French Huguenot brothers named Lorillard" (Soderstrom, 2001, p. 87), it displays botanical and educational research and has the largest botanical library in North America. In the upcoming years, the Arboretum delved into some key issues that needed to be changed in order to keep up its operations. The Arboretum needed to generate additional revenue, find greater initiatives to attract more visitors and employees and change its scope and mission."
