Abstract
A discussion of the Yanomami Indians who are shielded by forests, live in almost complete seclusion and are believed to be the last culture to have come into contact with the modern world. This paper examines their family and kinship, food gathering, religion, and their uncertain future. The author also looks at how modernization has already changed much of their traditional lifestyle.

From the Paper
"The Yanomami have nuclear families, with what anthropologist Napoleon Chagnon calls a "male supremacist culture." Despite the fact that there are more males than females, they prefer sons to daughters, especially as firstborn children. In fact, a firstborn girl may be killed, while a son is usually allowed to live. Furthermore, even though there are not even enough women for each man, 25 percent of the men practice polygyny (Kottak 201).
The Yanomami live in small, concentrated villages, where several nuclear or extended families live under circular shelters called shabono. There could be as much as 65 people living in a shingle shabono, relatives by consanguinity or alliance (Chagnon 1997: 56)."

Tags:amazon, South, America, polygyny

Abstract
This paper is an in-depth exploration of the Hopi Tribe of northern Arizona and the Yanomami Tribe of Brazil and Venezuela. The author contrasts and compares both of these peoples and illustrates the differences, as well as the many similarities between these two cultures that are located so far apart. Some of the topics covered are their individual histories, descendants, culture, patterns of living, religion, the role of their respective governments in their ability to maintain their respective homelands and the role of that agriculture plays in both societies.

From the Paper
"The life at the Hopi villages revolves around their religious calendar. The calendar is divided on the basis of the visits of the "Kachinas". The Kachinas are believed to be the ancestral spirits which arrive after the winter and leave at the time when the summer season is at its peak. To recognize and celebrate their stay, colorful ceremonies and dances are arranged in the village plazas. It is believed that such ceremonies are going to benefit the people, plants, animal and spirit life of the tribe. When these Kachinas finally depart from the tribe, stamped images of the Kachinas are given as spiritual gifts. The Katsinam, who perform the public dances, are sacred to the Hopi people, as are the carved Kachinas which have been ceremonially sanctified. The religion is something of prime importance in the Hopi culture."

Extensive bibliography but no footnotes, or endnotes.

Tags:agriculture, aztec, regions, families, religion, marriage, government, society, spaniards, indians, brazil, venezuela, arizona, rainforest, villages, warriors, hunting, marriages

Abstract
This paper examines how the Plains Indians lived in the period prior to the arrival of the white man and in the generations immediately following the white man's arrival. Specifically, it considers the huge tract of land these peoples called home and the difficult climactic conditions foisted upon the Plains Indians people by a natural environment that was alternately extremely cold or extremely hot. Additionally, the paper describes the earth lodges the Plains Indian tribes customarily built near rivers and the teepees (and wigwams) they created to serve them as they traveled across the land looking for food.

From the Paper
"The following paper will look at how the Plains Indians lived in the period prior to the arrival of the white man and in the generations immediately following the white man's arrival. Specifically, the next several pages will look at the huge tract of land these peoples called home (it encompasses much North America) and time will be devoted to looking at the difficult climactic conditions foisted upon the Plains Indians people by a natural environment that was alternately extremely cold or extremely hot. Proceeding onward, the paper will look at the earth lodges the Plains Indian tribes customarily built near rivers and the..."

Tags:how, plains, indians

Abstract
This paper presents a brief history of the Native Americans of California, focusing on their struggles with colonizing Europeans and their eventual loss of land and civil rights. The paper traces the history of Native Americans in the US back to their arrival in North America from Asia. Next the author describes their settlement and cultures in North America, and California specifically. The paper highlights the arrival of Europeans to Californian, describing the Native American's subsequent loss of loss of land, culture and autonomy. Special attention is paid to the effects of reservations on the Native American population.

Outline:
California Indians
Population Decline of California Indian
Figure-1: Native California [Census 2000]
Figure-2: Native California Population [Census 2000]
Indian Plight since Columbian Period


Paper includes maps and charts.

From the Paper
"This exploitation continued well into the twentieth century and displacement of Native Indian from reserves continued with little or no compensation until the early twentieth century. The enlightened society of the twentieth century began to apply the laws which have been on the statutes for centuries to all Americans. Discrimination on the grounds of race, color, religion and sex can not be legally justified anymore. This important factor now provides legal rights and new protection to Native Indians. "

Tags:California, Native, Americans, Indians, colonists, Europeans, reservations

Abstract
The paper relates that in his book, "Surviving as Indians: The Challenge of Self Government", Menno Boldt discusses the future of the authentic 'Indian' within the cultural mosaic that has become the Canadian identity. The paper discusses how the underlying theme inherent within this text is the pursuit of justice as a means to promote the construction of a distinctive cultural identity for Aboriginal Canadians within a post-modern context that has demanded assimilation rather than the truly utopian conception of integration and tolerance as Pierre Trudeau once prophesized.

From the Paper
"In his book, "Surviving as Indians: The Challenge of Self Government", Menno Boldt discusses the future of the authentic `Indian' within the cultural mosaic that has become the Canadian identity. The underlying theme inherent within this text is the pursuit of justice as a means to promote the construction of a distinctive cultural identity for Aboriginal..."

Tags:indians, legislation, justice

Abstract
This paper argues that U.S. history omits the sacrifices of Indians and slaves that were mistreated by early Americans and that our history books should credit them with their part in building the nation.

From the Paper
"I have been taught from nursery school through my senior year of high school that America is a country governed by one of the greatest constitutions in the world. As a nation, America is the symbol of freedom and equality to the rest of world, much of which is still ravaged by human rights injustices and oppressive governments. We can take pride in the fact that we are citizens of a country that has been impacted by civil rights..."

Tags:U.S. history, slavery, Indians, sacrifices

Abstract
A paper that discusses the use of peyote among Navajo Indians and their implications on religious and medical utility.

Tags:peyote, navajo, indians

Abstract
This paper discusses treatment of Native American Indians during the Great Depression, contrasting their treatment in California with elsewhere, and also discussing treatment of blacks, immigrants, women, and Hispanics.

From the Paper
"Native American Indians, on the whole, fared rather well during the Great Depression. The economic position of Utah's five Paiute bands of Indians, for example, gradually improved during the ...s and Weber State University Professor, Ronald L. Holt states that; "For many Indians, the depression years were a relatively good period." (Bartholomew) This was due in part to the changes in Indians' rights that came with President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal which replaced the old system of allotments under which Indians..."

Tags:Native American Indian, blacks, immigrants, women, Hispanics, Great Depression, California, Hollywood

Abstract
A paper which examines the Yanomami people - a remote tribe in the Tropical Forest on the border between Venezuela and Brazil. The paper shows their customs and culture and focuses on their system of cross-cultural marriage which follows a bilateral cross-cousin marriage system. The paper also discusses Napoleon A. Chagnon, a young American ethnographer who brought the knowledge of Yanomamo ethnography to the world.

From the Paper
"The practice of infanticide is practiced in their culture. This is one of the reasons why there are more males than women. If a female is born she is killed at birth. They feel that women are inferior. Some Yanomamo women kill their infant because they fear the wrath of their husbands for having a female baby. The Yanomano may choke the baby with a vine, suffocating the infant by placing a stick across her nose, or slamming her against a tree. "

Tags:Tropical, Forest, foot, people, Kinship, endogamy, Polygymy, anthropologist

Abstract
This paper presents a detailed examination of the Amazon Rain Forest destruction and how it is impacting the indigenous people who live there. The writer explores the forest, the ways that it is being destroyed and the direct and indirect negative impact the destruction has on the many tribes in the area.

From the Paper
"The destruction of the Amazon Rain Forest has been well publicized, but the spotlight is not focused on the indigenous people who live there. With deforestation, fires, medicinal products being made out of plants from the area without the profits going to the tribes, and disease spreading like wildfires, there are many threats to the indigenous populations of the Amazon Rain Forest and the consequences of the current path will prove to be devastating."

Tags:Karaja, PLANOFLORO, Yanomami, Indian, reserve, IMTM