Abstract
This paper uses "An Introduction to the World's Oceans" by Keith Sverdrup to back up some of the serious issues raised through recent research conducted by the U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy, in particular, the ongoing and future pollution threats to ocean waters, citizens, and marine life. Journal articles also supplement the paper and the topics being reviewed.

Table of Contents
Introduction
The Economic Value of Oceans to Americans
Waste Dumping in Our Oceans
Oil Contamination from Various Sources
Toxins and Trash Entering the Oceans
The Depleted Fisheries
The Vanishing Wetlands
Conclusion
References
Endnotes

From the Paper
"The U. S. Commission on Ocean Policy reports that more than 28 million gallons of oil from human activities enter North American waters annually, but, according to an article in Issues in Science and Technology, "the bulk of human-related inputs is not due to large-scale spills and accidents that occur during the transport of crude oil or petroleum products" (Rabalais, 2003). In fact, researchers looking for sources of oil that runs into America's oceans can look into the "chronic low-level releases" of oil that add up to "roughly 16 million gallons of oil" annually, running down rivers and streams, according to the Rabalais article.
These oil pollutants "are most obvious in the watersheds that drain heavily populated areas," and the data from the U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy, plus the Sverdrup textbook, indicate that coast areas are becoming more and more heavily populated. Some of the 16 million gallons draining originates with "jettisoned aircraft fuel, marine recreational vehicles, and operational discharges, such as cargo washings and releases from petroleum extraction." "

Tags:water, commission, water, toxins

Abstract
This paper looks at the vital role that the oceans play regarding the regulation and control of the world's temperature, winds, and precipitation.

From the Paper
"Through the agency of ocean currents, heat and cold may be distributed over thousands of miles, for it is possible to follow the course of a mass of warm water that originates in the trade wind belt of the southern hemisphere, where a good portion of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans can be found. This redistributing function of the ocean tends to compensate for the uneven heating of the globe by the sun. As it is, ocean currents carry hot equatorial water toward the poles and return cold water equator-ward by surface drifts, such as the Labrador Current, and other deep water currents."

Tags:atmosphere, warms, cools, vapors, evaporation, salt, salinity, waves, sea, level, shores

Abstract
Expansion of Western Europe across the Atlantic Ocean during 15th-17th centuries. Impact of voyages of discovery, conquests and settlement up to the indigenous peoples and cultures. Transforming the economies and societies. Views of the principal European seafaring powers. Portuguese explorations. Implications and effects of Columbus' discovery of the Americas. Spanish conquests.

From the Paper
"ORIGINS OF THE ATLANTIC WORLD

This essay examines the factors which led to the expansion of Western Europe through and across the Atlantic Ocean during the 15th through early 17th centuries, the nature of the new 'world' thus created and the impact of European voyages of discovery, conquests and settlement upon the indigenous peoples and cultures involved and in transforming the economies, societies and outlook of the principal European seafaring powers.

Preconditions for Atlantic Expansion
Medieval Mindset. Europeans at the beginning of the 15th century had a very limited and highly distorted view of regions beyond the Continent itself and the Near East from which the major Western religions, Judaism, Christianity and Islam sprang.

According to Phillips, the Atlantic Ocean was regarded as a "sea ..."

Abstract
This paper discusses how the success of the allies in World War II hinged on the defeat of its two greatest opposing forces. The key to success relied upon debilitating and disabling the German army and the Japanese army. The paper shows how the weakening of the German army at the Battle of Kursk and the weakening of the Japanese army at the Battle of Midway were two of the key battles responsible for turning the tides to the Allied forces' favor in World War II. The similarities and differences of these two decisive battles are the focus of the research.

From the Paper
"It can be said that just because one loses the battle, it doesn't mean that they have lost the war. In most cases this is true. However, one battle can mean a such defeat for one side that it changes the entire course of the rest of the war. This was the case in the Battle of Midway. The Battle of Midway took place from June 4-7, 1942. Prior to the Battle of Midway, Japanese forces were on the offensive capturing and securing massive territories throughout the Pacific Rim and Asia (NHC, 2002). Midway Island lies in the middle of the Pacific Ocean half way between the United States and Japan. It is a key refueling and strategic supply point for long runs across the Pacific Ocean. Control of Midway Island was a key factor to the offensive position of the Japanese. It was also important defensively as a key to preventing the Japanese invasion of Hawaii."

Tags:japan, german, army, weapon, military, battle, pacific, ocean, fleet, intelligence, Operation, Citadel, Prochorovka, hitler, nazi

Abstract
This paper discusses the possibility of sources of medicine and medical devices available in the world's oceans. The paper relates that scientists have also discovered the rich potential in marine microorganisms. In addition, the paper discusses the difficulties and importance of keeping the seas in good condition.

Outline:
Cancer cures from the sea
Ancient animals yield new medical breakthroughs
Salmon is more than good to eat
Conclusion

From the Paper
"It isn't difficult to assume that the closest source of possible new medicines--the earth--has already been scoured and most potentially helpful medicinal substances discovered. While the ancients knew herbal medicine (even the New World's tobacco was considered a medicine when it was first discovered), until recently, it wasn't possible to easily scour the oceans for possible sources of medicine and medical devices. As Tibbetts noted, "The oceans, which cover 70% of the world's surface, are the least explored and least understood ecosystems on the planet. Yet today scientists realize marine organisms are becoming increasingly important as sources for new medicines and medical devices" (2004, p. 472).
Other authors have also discovered the rich potential in marine microorganisms. Dooley noted that "more than 50% of the drugs currently on the market include naturally derived ingredients, [so that] the study of marine organisms should lead to further discoveries of compounds for pharmaceutical purposes (2003, p. 223). Oceanography, like geography in an earlier age, stands at the point of being extremely important to human well-being."

Tags:herbal, ecosystems, ingredients

Abstract
This paper explains ll the major combatants of the war at sea in World War II entered the conflict with outdated naval doctrine and then points out that although the addition of modern weapons were vital to the outcome of the war at sea it was the Allies? ability to utilise these weapons through changing tactics and rapid adaptation that was decisive. The paper further suggests that although the Allies? initial responses to the new type of ocean warfare with which they were faced was slow this situation quickly changed and argues that the Axis powers were much slower to adapt and continually made crucial errors in estimating their opponents capabilities. Finally, it is argued that, in the end, it was the phenomenal American ability to produce, in combination with the efficient use of signals intelligence, that destroyed or nullified the Axis powers at sea.

Tags:code, fate, intelligence, strategy, tactical, theory, weapons

Abstract
The paper focuses on a Pentagon Report that was released to the world media in 2004 predicting that the north Atlantic current would stop in the near future, bringing global catastrophe. The paper explains how ocean currents work and describes the phenomenon of global warming. The paper concludes that the events put forth in the Pentagon Report are a plausible scenario, although many scientists contest the events as something which is not likely to happen in the near future.

Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Theory
Results
Discussion
Conclusions

From the Paper
"The Pentagon Report was released to the world media in 2004 predicting that the north Atlantic current would stop in the near future, bringing global catastrophe. It is known that in the past the ocean currents have been affected by changes in climate, although the lack of direct observations make it difficult for scientists to discover the exact nature of changes which are currently being observed. There have however been changes noted in currents in the Pacific and in the Atlantic Oceans related to climate change, suggesting that the events predicted in the Pentagon Report may occur at some stage in the future, although it is difficult to predict exactly when. If such changes in ocean current did occur, it is likely that the changes would impact on a global scale."

Tags:ecosystem, sea, freshwater, Atlantic, Ocean

Abstract
This paper focuses on key elements of ocean pollution: Oil pollution, toxic materials, dangerous debris and deposits and withdrawals. The author gives an overview of the efforts underway to prevent further pollution of the world's oceans.

Abstract
This paper studies the causes and effects of pollution in the world's oceans. The paper lists the causes of this pollution, including oil spills, tanker discharges, untreated municipal wastes and agrochemical residues. In addition to these major causes, the paper also includes a look at the smaller ,yet more common causes, such as medical wastes, beach visitors' garbage and waterfront businesses.

From the Paper
"An ocean organism's internal environment is highly influenced by many external factors. Many marine invertebrates are conformers and have the ability to thrive around the world. They have no need to control their internal environment since the external environment is fairly constant in terms of temperature, oxygen tension, and nutrients. However, with the threat of pollution, the marine invertebrates ability to live within the dirtied and toxic waters are compromised, therefore, resulting in fewer numbers for reproduction, production and harvest."

Tags:sea, oil, spill, marine, environment, corporate

Abstract
This paper introduces, discusses and analyzes the problem of ocean pollution, and how it is affecting marine life. It also looks at what is being done to control pollution in the United States and around the world. The paper shows that, as the world become more industrialized, the pollution in the ocean is becoming more of a problem.

From the Paper
"There are numerous pollutants contaminating the world's oceans they have been building up for hundreds of years, and they are both man-made and natural, although man-made pollutants are much more common than natural pollutants. Over 900,000 gallons of oil spills into the oceans every year, either from leaking tankers, oil spills, or leaks from oil dredging machinery. "In 1997, the 22 oil spills reported worldwide involved a total of 15 million gallons (57 million liters) of oil" ("Water Pollution")."

Tags:oil, tanker, industrialization, spill, marine, fishing