Abstract The following issues along with the statistical facts and figures are discussed in this paper: WomenWorking In Law Enforcement, WomenWorking in the Courts, Women Employed in Adult Corrections, WomenWorking in Juvenile Corrections, Gender Bias: The Glass Ceiling and Organizational Culture, Organizational Culture Survey, Gender-Neutral Employment, Females as Correctional Officers, Proven affects of Female Employment in Criminal Justice.
From the Paper "For more than 80 years, in the United States, women have been engaged in police work, where their concerns of considering the participation in law enforcement and career advancement had remained stable for almost sixty years. However, it was not until the 1960s, when legislation and judicial participation started in backing women's demands for equality, perform their duties and the responsibilities then began to expand (exhibit 4-2). It was since then, that the opportunities for women in policing improved. However, female police officers still continue to make slow progress in regard to their ranks."
Abstract This paper examines how womenworking as professionals in the criminal justice field have gained some respect in recent years; however, the fact largely remains that criminal justice is a very male-dominated field, and women still struggle to acquire equal standing and respect accordingly. It looks at how the percentage of womenworking in the legal field as judges, lawyers, and similar professionals has increased significantly in recent years and how, despite these increases, women entering the criminal field still face a male-dominated culture and organizational structure, which have limited many opportunities for women to advance in this area.
From the Paper "Discrimination and gender bias may be even more evident within the courts and judicial system. In recent years, forty states and nine federal circuits appointed task forces that investigated gender bias in their jurisdictions. They found that ?female lawyers in court may be called honey, little lady, little girl or are referred to by their first names instead of a professional salutation.? (DOJ, 2003, ABA). The American Bar also published a Report on the Status of Women in the Legal Profession, which indicated that when a female attorney is more aggressive during litigation or other proceedings, a judge is more likely to interpret her behavior as "unnecessary drama" as opposed to being an effective lawyer, as aggression is typically more often appreciated in male lawyers (DOJ, 2003, ABA)."
This paper discusses the book "From Out of the Shadows: Mexican Women in Twentieth-Century America," by Dr. Vicki Ruiz, specifically, as it gives voice to Mexican-American women.
2,110 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 2 sources, 2002, $ 66.95
Abstract This paper discusses, from all angles, at home, at work and in the community, Twentieth-Century Mexican-American women, descendents of some of the first immigrants to the United States. The paper reviews Ruiz's book that shows Mexican-America womenworking for menial wages to help support the family and suffering from stereotypes. The author states that, although often history texts can be dry and lifeless, Ruiz's text comes alive with the voices of the women about whom she writes.
From the Paper "Each of the causes of change was important and devastating, but probably the most devastating was the discovery of gold in California. Mexican-Americans had long made California their home, and some owned extensive ranchos, but California glittered too brightly, and the United States took the country for its own in 1850. The rancho way of life disappeared, especially when the ranchos belonged to women, which was not unusual in Mexican society. Unlike the U.S., Mexican women could and did own their own property, but their title was not recognized when the U. S. annexed California, and they lost much if not all of their land."
Abstract This three page undergraduate papers examines the economic enslavement of women during the Industrial Revolution. The paper suggests that womenworked long hours for low wages, under conditions that can only be described as economic slavery and that many women and their families lived in poverty despite the fact that seventy-hour work weeks were common.
From the Paper "They could be fired or let go at any time, regardless of length of employment. If they were injured on the job or even killed, their families usually received little if any compensation. Employee rights for women were extremely limited, and they lacked any legal means of compelling their bosses to address their grievances."
Abstract This paper focuses on women who worked during WWII in Great Britain. It covers the different aspects of women in the work force and the history of their involvement with the war.
From the Paper "Throughout history, women have been involved in the complications of War, and have survived the many hardships and adversities associated with a country at war. During WWII, women in Great Britain were compelled to serve their country by engaging in "War Work" activities, and replacing men who were at war in factories and other skilled labor jobs. World War II presented the opportunity for women in Great Britain to mobilize in society by earning higher "male" wages in factories, and acquiring the necessary skills to play an important role in the battle their country faced. Many women faced the dilemma of choosing between their domestic duties, and their desire to actively participate in the war effort."
Abstract A paper that analyzes why women in the U.S. are not motivated to work and instead reap welfare benefits. The paper uses a single mother with two young children as a model for analysis.
Abstract This paper examines the impact of the Comstock Lode on Virginia City and on the women of this mining town. The author points out the change in the experiences of women's traditional rural roles--middle class women, workingwomen and prostitutes. The paper cites the diversity of women of the Comstock.
From the Paper "When discussing the documented history of Virginia City, Nevada, from ... to ... , scholar Susan Armitage noted that, although mining has always been considered men's work, the task of building and maintaining mining communities has always required ..."
Tags: comstock lode, virginia city, women, gender roles
Abstract This paper examines the ability of women to reach certain echelons in corporate America. The author also discusses the factors that contribute to women's promotions to chief executive offices in Fortune 500 firms. The term glass ceiling is defined. The paper then describes how affirmative action programs were implemented into many business strategies in order to eliminate glass ceiling situations in the workplace. The author concludes by stating that although affirmative action has diversified educational institutions, such diversification is yet to be seen in corporate America. It is not clear why all the barriers exists or why women are not in more senior executive positions.
Outline:
Introduction
Glass Ceiling
The Glass Ceiling and Affirmative Action
Female CEO's at Fortune 500 Companies
Limitations of Affirmative Action as it relates to the Glass Ceiling
From the Paper "Affirmative Action has long been a topic of debate in America and other nations throughout the world. More often then not the focus is primarily confined to race. However, affirmative action has also had an impact in terms of gender and the ability of women to reach certain echelons in corporate America. The purpose of this discussion is to examine the problem of the glass ceiling and women in the business world. The research will also examine the factors that contribute to women promotion to chief executive office in the Fortune 500 firms. Let us begin our discussion by defining the phrase glass ceiling."
Abstract This paper looks at the way in which women have achieved empowerment through education as shown through the works of Austen, Bronte and Wollstonecraft. It looks at their personal experiences as well as the experiences of women in their works.
From the paper:
"It should not surprise us that Jane Austen, Charlotte Bronte and Mary Wollstonecraft should in their works emphasize the importance of education to the women of their own generation. Each of these women themselves had personal experience with the ways in which education had widened their own horizons. And each also had knowledge of women who had not received any education and thus had the already circumscribed role allotted to women made even smaller. These three women understood from the measure of their own lives that what freedom existed for women, and what power was available to women, would come through education."
Abstract Recent reports highlight how the gender gap in wages affects women's retirement as well. According to a report from the Women's Institute for a Secure Retirement (WISER), older women are twice as likely as men to be poor after retiring. Compared to their male counterparts, older women have to make do with less Social Security benefits, fewer and smaller pensions and less individual savings. This paper examines the growing fiscal health problem many women face upon retirement. Instead of having a nest egg to live upon, many women face the real possibility of poverty, even after retiring from a lifetime of hard work.
The first part of the paper presents a general picture of the fiscal resources available to and problems faced by women upon their retirement. In addition to this general picture, the paper pays special attention to the problems faced by minorities like Hispanic and African-American women. The next part of the paper looks at the factors behind these problems, such as divorce, widowhood and women's care- giving duties. The main factor behind many women's inability to save for retirement, however, remains the gender gap that continues to plague much of the working world. The third part of the paper thus explores the effects of gender on the pay scales of men and women across disparate fields, from academia to management to blue-collar operations. It also looks at how these unequal pay scales continue, despite legislation that mandates equity in pay. The fourth part of the paper examines the link between the gender gap in wages to the phenomenon of women's poverty upon retirement. It shows how pay inequity means that womenwork more, earn less and as a result, often have less money for their retirement. Finally, the paper looks at the steps women can take to address these issues and prepare for their retirement.
From the Paper "In a study of wage differentials across the service professions, Margaret Gibelman found that the median salary for both sexes is higher in service occupations that are predominantly male, such as construction and surveying. Conversely, the mean wages for both sexes is significantly lower in occupations where women comprise more than 75 percent of the workforce, such as nursing and receptionists (Gibelman). Gibelman's study implies that women suffer from two forms of discrimination in the service and sales industries. First is discrimination on an individual level, where women get paid less than their male counterparts for the same work. Second, there is a marked discrimination against occupations that have a large female employee base and could therefore be labeled as ?women's occupations.? It is difficult to make comparisons between occupations like cashiers, 90 percent of whom are women, and janitors, 70 percent of whom are men. However, the fact remains that even male-dominated professions that utilize unskilled labor generally still command higher median incomes."
Abstract The paper relates that at the start of World War ll women were denied entry to positions in the workforce that were previously thought of as reserved only for men. Thus, the earning capacity of women was considerably lower than that of men and they were unable to accede to positions of economic or political power as well. The paper continues by highlighting that, as a result of the male task force being involved in fighting a war, vacancies in the work situation became available to Canadian women and thus it became apparent that women proved to be as efficient as men in a previous male-dominated areas. Encouraged by capitalism and the ruling powers and the press, Canadian women were now holding major positions which the government attempted unsuccessfully to reverse after the war. The paper concludes that WWI helped women realize their capabilities and achieve equality with their male counterparts.
From the Paper "In this analysis, it is important to bear in mind that women in Canada have always worked, in one way or another. Feminist scholars such as Bradbury have eloquently dismissed the myth that dual-income families are a new phenomenon, a product of the women's movement in the last few decades. In her analysis of working class families in the period from the 1860s to the 1890s - the time of the industrial revolution in Canada - Bradbury shows that even in that time, married Canadian women were actively involved in a broad range of income-generating activities, such as taking in boarders. At the same time, they were also expected to handle all domestic labour. Bradbury reproduces a cartoon showing a woman on her knees, doing the washing, while her husband eats dinner. The caption reads: "You complain, my poor husband, or your ten hours of labour. Yet I have been working for fourteen hours, and I have not yet finished my day." Bradbury also makes the point that women's labour was essential, and that if most families had relied on the husband's earnings alone, "poverty, even starvation, would have been chronic." Moreover, men would not have had the strength to labour at the factories for ten hours, and women would not have been well enough nourished to produce viable babies. In short, the "working class could not have reproduced itself."
Abstract This paper, which favorably describes the current Islamic regime in Iran, explores the roles of women in both the religious and work worlds. The author begins by describing the role of women according to the teachings of the Koran. The paper further examines the role of women in Iranian society both before and after the Islamic Revolution. The author concludes by stating Iranian women are progressively getting higher educations and achieving more status in the work place. Ultimately, the author believes women will achieve an influential position in Islamic Iranian society.
Outline:
Introduction and Cultural Background
The Iranian Revolution and the Situation of Women Women and Employment
Figure 1. Women aged 10 and Above, Employed in Cities and Villages
Figure 2. Literacy Rate of Females Aged 6 and Above (in percentage)
Conclusion
From the Paper "There is a general perception in the West that the ethical treatment of women in Islamic countries amounts to gender discrimination, oppression and a transgression of basic human rights. This view does not conform to the foundational Islamic teaching. This can be seen from the very outset in the way that the Koran describes the creation of women. In the Holy Scriptures there is no implicit difference made in terms of status or intrinsic value between male and female. In ethical terms, while there are obvious differences between men and women, these gender differences do not impact or affect ethical values and treatment of women. Men and women are seen to be essentially the same in terms of relative value and status. "Despite the distinctions between the treatment of men and the treatment of women when the Qur'an discusses creation of humankind ...there is no essential difference in the value attributed to women and men. There are no indications, therefore, that women have more or fewer limitations than men." (Wadud 15) "
This paper reviews and analyzes the empowerment of women through forms of psychological and metaphorical dissociation, as depicted in Henrik Ibsen's "A Doll's House" and Charlotte Perkins Gilman's "Yellow Wallpaper."
Abstract The writer of this paper examines how through the various portrayals of women, literary works succeeded in depicting the oppression, discrimination and submissiveness of women in society. This paper discusses the manner in which literature has resolved certain issues of oppression in women, while also illustrating the manner in which male characters, in numerous works of writing, have come to accept the rights and privileges of women. The writer explains how the process of alienation from society and the inner self, in women, is evident in both the writings of Gilman and Ibsen. In both works, the female protagonists are shown to experience various forms of alienation. This paper delves into how the women, in both novels, managed to emancipate themselves from the oppression and discrimination that they experienced, in their own surroundings. The writer of this paper contends that both Gilman and Ibsen's writings reflect similar themes of dissociation of one's self. Gilman's female narrator resorted to insanity, a form of psychological dissociation, in order to escape the prison-like conditions of her marriage, while Nora, in Ibsen's novel, separated herself from her husband, a metaphorical dissociation, in order to gain her freedom.
From the Paper "Finding no recourse or way to express her true feelings and thoughts, the Narrator began reflecting on her oppression through the yellow wallpaper patterns on the walls of her room: "The front pattern does move-and no wonder! The woman behind shakes it! Sometimes I think there are a great many women behind, and sometimes only one, and she crawls around fast...and in the very shady spots she just takes hold of the bars and shakes them hard." This passage can be interpreted in two ways: seeing the woman within the wallpaper patterns may signify her dissociation from herself psychologically by succumbing to insanity. However, this process may also be construed as her way of breaking out of the prison that is her marriage, the oppression she felt being dominated by John and the limits that marriage had put on her as a woman."
Abstract The writer of this paper discusses the enormous progress made by women in the workforce over the years. This paper focuses on two main issues faced by women in the workforce which are: Finding the equilibrium between work and family life and learning to thrive in a male dominated business world. This paper delves into differing cultures such as Islam in order to better understand the role of women in the workforce around the world. This paper also discusses how women in America have scaled the upper rungs of the corporate hierarchy or who hold high positions in fields such as education and government and suggest that the 'glass ceiling', a frequently used term, is actually non-existent. This paper examines the achievements made by women in terms of representation which have been quite significant.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Balancing Work and Family
Winning at Work Conclusion
References
From the Paper "The next stage for women in the settling down period is the devotion to family role mainly the maternal role. Many women in this stage spend a lot of energy than men in bringing up their children as they see their children grow and move from preschool to junior school. An approach towards work that does not stress career in relation to family persists for women till the middle adulthood stage till the forties, and then things start changing. After bringing up their children they have more time and energy for their careers. At this stage, most men undergo sore midlife problems, while women experience greater boldness and professional achievement at work. This being their delayed and final chance to make a mark in their profession, most women who are currently let free from the prevailing tasks of family roles relate themselves to work with improved interest and energy."
Abstract The issue of gender images is very closely connected to how socially imposed structures try to relegate women to a certain sphere. Indeed, in our society, certain imposed structures assault women and try to disempower them. This process is especially carried out by the media. That is why in order to help empower women, it is crucial to gauge how mass media works against them. Indeed, we cannot study women's issues without ascertaining how media shapes social values. 11 pgs. 13 f/c. 7b.
