Abstract This extensive paper examines a number of issues related to African-American women and breast cancer, with an emphasis on detection, treatment and survival. The paper gives a brief overview of cancer, the breast and types of breast cancers. The author then describes the purpose of this study, which was to determine the impact of racial disparity on breast cancer survival. The study also addresses socio-economic factors, such as lack of health insurance, and low incomes. The study attempts to identify the reasons why African-American women have a higher mortality rate than all other ethnic groups. Finally, the author questions whether education, community out-reach programs, resources would influence the probability of reducing breast cancer mortality rates among African-American women.
Outline:
Introduction and Problem Background
The Breast
Development of the Breast
What is Cancer?
What is Breast Cancer?
Major Types of Breast Cancers
Risk Factors for developing Breast Cancer
Purpose of Study
Research Objectives Limitation
Assumptions
Definition of Terms
Scope of Study
Review of Related Literature
Historical and General Background
Possible Barriers to The African-American Women having Mammograms
Existing Studies
Another Study of Racial Disparities in Breast Carcinoma Survival Rates
Methodology
Instrumentation
Statistical Approach
Relevant Results and Significant Studies
Summary of the Literature Reviewed
Findings
Association Between Socio-economic Status and Breast Cancer Survival
Relationship between racial difference in treatment, and breast cancer mortality among the African-American women and the Caucasian-women Summary, Conclusions, Recommendations
Summary
Conclusions
Recommendations
References
From the Paper "The incidence of breast cancer among the African-American women is slightly lower than it is for the Caucasian women. In any given year, 95 out of 100,000 African-American women are diagnosed with breast cancer, compared to 112 out of every 100,000 the Caucasian women. However, the African-American women are slightly more likely to develop breast cancer after age 50 (www.netwellness.org, 2004). Breast cancer is the cancer with the second highest death rate for both the African-American women and the Caucasian women. The overall lifetime risk of being diagnosed with breast cancer is 10% for the African-American women and 14% for the Caucasian women. However, about 31 out of every 100,000 the African-American women died from the disease each year compared to just 27 out of every 10,000 the Caucasian women from 1989 to 1992, but the rate also rose by 2% for the African-American women during the same period."
Abstract The paper compares the Management by Objectives theory with Theory Y by focusing on the men and women who contributed to these management theories. The author points out the concepts associated with the theories. The paper relates their strengths and weaknesses.
From the Paper "George S. Odiorne in his book "Management by Objectives" defines the term 'management by objective'. Odiorne also describes the conditions under which management by objective work effectively. In his book "The Human Side of Enterprise', Douglas McGregor proposed the two motivational theories by which managers perceive employee motivation. He referred to these opposing motivational theories as Theory X and Theory Y. According to McGregor, each theory. Theory X and Theory Y. assumes that management's role is to organize resources."
Tags: comparison, Management by Objectives, Theory Y, management, motivation, worker motivation
Abstract This paper looks at the status and role of women in Islam and discusses some of the reforms underway that are having an impact upon Islamic women's political participation. The paper considers the relationship between Islam and women, feminism among some Islamic women and how their goals and objectives differ from Western feminism.
From the Paper "The purpose of this essay is to consider the relationship between Islam and women, who constitute an important element within Islam and who are as responsible for the maintenance and transmission of the religion to succeeding generations, as are males. The stereotypical view of Islamic women is one of oppression and subordination; a view with certain validity from the Western perspective and a view that is at odds with the fundamental teachings of Islam on gender relations. Islam like any of the other..."
Abstract In this article, the writer notes that in our consumerist society, music is one of the most important money-spinners. The writer points out that as noted by Julie L. Andsager and Kimberly Roe, music videos are very important in this industry as they play an important role in launching the careers of artists. Moreover, the writer describes that music videos enjoy an enormous following among teenagers, which means that they likely play an important role in forming their opinions about important issues such as gender roles. This research paper investigates the key issue of how music videos portray women. The writer maintains that as music videos have the potential to impact the lives of so many women, and to form the opinions of so many young people of all genders, the portrayal of women in music videos is clearly a matter of great importance.
From the Paper "Clearly there exist destructive music videos which encourage sexism and the objectifying of women. This is cause for great concern as such music videos clearly have the potential to encourage men to treat women as mere sex objects. Even more troubling is the fact that some music videos seem to actively encourage and promote violence against women. For example, Van Horn found that more than half of the music videos he examined contained violence, and that all too often this was violence against women. An Eminem song, Kim, illustrates this chillingly well. The following is not the entire song, but merely excerpts, but it should be kept in mind that the entire song is sickeningly violent, not only these excerpts."
Abstract This is an article review about how women helped during the Civil War. The paper shows that the article is relevant, has authority and seems accurate with an objective viewpoint of both sides of the war.
Abstract This paper emphasizes the importance of women's rights and equality within modern society. The author points out that NOW has accomplished many objectives since its inception. The paper relates that controversy and other related events have created considerable challenges for the group.
From the Paper "In modern society, it is strongly evident that women play a critical role in the development and progress of their own cause. Women are still considered as the lesser sex in many cultures, and although extensive progress has been made regarding their advancement, there is still much to be done to facilitate the total empowerment of women in society. Many different organizations serve as activists that provide support for a wide variety of women's issues, and these serve as valuable resources in the effort to provide women with as many choices as possible."
A discussion of the interrelations among men and women with reference to Fitzgerald's "The Great Gatsby", Ibsen's "A Doll's House" and Shakespeare's "Othello".
Abstract This paper explores the domination of women by men. In Shakespeare's "Othello", Ibsen's "A Doll's House" and F. Scott Fitzgerald's "The Great Gatsby", we see examples of this phenomena quite clearly, with our modern eyes. The paper examines the different ways in which ideas of domination have changed shape from Elizabethan times to that of the turn of the century.
From the Paper ?Shakespeare's "Othello" is a play written by an Englishman, set in Venice. From the beginning, we see women warned by both men and women to beware of the scheming of men. ?an old black ram/is tupping your white ewe,? shouts Iago to Desdemona's father when he is warning him of The Moor's abduction of her. (1.1.89 Norton Anthology 2102) When Othello defends his marriage to Desdemona, he is accused of practicing witchcraft upon her. (1.2.64-64) Yet when he explains, we are assured both by the beauty of his words, by Desdemona, and by the reaction of the men listening to him that it was only the beauty of his stories that charmed her, not any sinister power he might have.?
Tags: mysterious, exception, Iago, greatest, objection, characters, Othello, blackness, Emilia, general, evils, men
Abstract This paper takes the position that pornography promotes sexual violence against women and cites several factors that support this position. It also explores some of the reasons the issue of pornography has been so controversial and some of the arguments made by proponents of pornography.
From the Paper "Defining and regulating pornography has been a difficult task for the United States where free speech is protected under the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution and is the backbone of what defines us as a free society. Webster's Dictionary defines pornography as: writings, pictures, etc. intended primarily to arouse sexual desire. (Neufeldt et al.) Though different people may argue over the definitions and reasons for pornography ?the producers, sellers, and consumers of pornography have a clear understanding of its meaning. For them it is a written or visual product showing sexual anatomy and/or sexual activity designed to promote sexual arousal.? (McCuen) But does pornography in and of itself promote sexual violence against women? There is no doubt that through the ages many men have sought and attained sexual access through violent action or the threat of such action. No national culture has been without rape. The forcible sexual assault of strangers, associates, friends and relatives alike has been a universal occurrence throughout the history of mankind, and it has remained so in contemporary society."
Abstract This paper looks at management by objectives, a part of the body of participative management theory. It provides a brief history of the theory and shows how developments in participative management techniques have lead to a greater emphasis on a relationships-orientation for managers, as opposed to the more traditional task orientation. It shows how the essence of any form of participative management is that the decision making process is not authoritarian and how management by objectives is primarily, a system of management that is designed to bring about the participation of all, or almost all, of the managers of an organization in the major decision processes of the organization. It also analyzes the advantages and disadvantages associated with group decision-making.
From the Paper "Brady (1973) said that, within a system of management-by-objectives, there is an explicit attempt to state publicly the basic goals and quantifiable objectives of the organization. Priorities are then established for these goals and objectives, which are used as guides for allocating the organization's resources during the time for which the organizational goals apply. These goals and objectives also give the organization a yardstick against which the success of the year's activities may be measured. Thus, management-by-objectives involves the joint setting of organizational objectives by superior and subordinate, the monitoring of these objectives during the time period for which they are established, and a performance appraisal within the framework of the established objectives (Davis, 1999)."
Abstract This paper discusses the role that object relations plays in the development of narcissistic and borderline personality disorders by examining various theories of WRD Fairbairn, Ogden, Melanie Klein, and Winicott. The paper shows that these theorists borrowed from Freud and built their object relations theory based on traditional psychoanalytical theories and approaches.
Abstract In this article, the writer notes that one of the more curious unexplained phenomena of our age is the continuous sightings of unidentified flying objects. The writer points out that unidentified flying objects (UFOs) have been sighted since ancient times and are still sighted each day. Some believe that the UFO phenomenon has something to do with everything from the pyramids to the beginning of life on this planet. Others insist that the entire idea is ludicrous and every sighting can be explained as either a hoax or as a result of "natural" causes. The writer discusses what actually classifies as a UFO and notes that one way of looking at this is to classify UFOs as anything that takes flight that is unidentifiable at the time. The writer maintains that the problem remains that numerous sightings do not fall into these categories and remain in the realm of the unexplained.
From the Paper "Like many in the private sector, the government sightings are far from all being the same. On February 15th, 1965, a United States Air Force captain stared upward into the sky and, to his amazement, saw three enormous, oval-shaped objects. In 1953, while running the initial tests on a new tracking device, US Air Force operators were astonished to pick up a gigantic object orbiting near the equator. Some type of huge, unknown object was circling the Earth some six hundred miles out. Another, this sighting on May 5th, 1954, depicts a military that is not sure what they are dealing with ..."
Abstract This paper reviews Management By Objectives (MBO) theorists. The author explores the way that MBO impacts internal difficulties of an organization. The paper stresses that MBO is a philosophy, not a step-by-step prescription.
From the Paper "Management by Objectives MBO is a synergetic approach to organizational management, which emphasizes the importance of a supervisor and employee working together in order to craft individual goals. Stanley George Odiorne is one of the ..."
Abstract This paper describes some of the women who participated in the American Revolution - their lives, their stories and their motives. It examines how these significant women were examples of an undercurrent already present in the American society and how, due to the necessity of war, these women were able to be given the chance to make an impact on the society.
I. Introduction ? Social Status of Women in the Revolution
II. Molly Pitcher ? the real story
A. Evidence supporting her existence
B. Evidence denying her existence
C. An American Icon
D. Other Women who took up Arms
III. Women as Spies
A. Ann Bates
B. Miss Jenny
IV. Life as a Camp Follower
A. Women in Supporting Roles
B. The winds of Equality
C. Abigail Adams
D. Patriotism
V. Men's views on Women in the Revolution
A. Women as a Symbol of the Comforts of Home
From the Paper "Women in the American Revolution played a deciding factor in the success of the colonists in winning their freedom from the Tyranny of England. Traditional roles of men and women had been heavily influenced by the teachings of Christianity in which men were above women and God was above men. The interpretation of this idea was taken rather literally during this time period and many men regarded women as lower beings. During the Revolutionary war women were not considered fit for battle and this was strictly a man's realm. Women were responsible for cooking, mending, sewing, soap making, and other forms of domestic tasks. The onset of the war forced some of these ideas to be loosened due to necessity. The war played a major role in re-defining women's roles in the late 18th century. These ideas began a long series of reforms, which later led to the suffrage movement."
Tags:women, war, america, american, revolution, britain, colonist, equality, feminism
This paper reviews and discusses the historic oppression of black women as well as the existing gap between white and black women as detailed in Bell Hooks' "Ain't I A Woman? Black Women and Feminism."
Abstract This paper explores author Bell Hooks' theoretical perspective on blacks and feminism. Hooks claims that the major cause of oppression to black women came from many sources including white women interested in their own personal gain at the expense of black women and the black men interested in keeping them as second class citizens. This paper discusses the exploitation of women during the slave trade as one of the pioneering ways in the continuing devaluation of black women. The writer contends that Hooks' novel contains relevant research and subsequent evidence that clearly details why a gap still exists between black and white women. The writer of this paper stresses Hooks' desire for all women to bond together and for the struggle for equality to end.
From the Paper "In her research of the exploitation of slaves, Hooks' expertly does not focus on the sexual atrocities committed upon black women. She in fact details the effect brutalizing black women has on the black man, white man, and the white woman. Hooks explores the possibilities of the potential personal gain from dehumanizing black women, some of which include stereotypes/jealousy of the sexuality of a black woman, and "demasculating" the black man (psychological removal of his masculinity) in relation to exploiting 'his' woman. Bell Hooks' research into the hypocrisy of the feminist movement as it relates to white woman is the principal reason why many African American women, myself included, do not want any active participation with the women's movement."
Tags: racism, slavery, women, gender, equality, literature, review, rights
Abstract This paper, which favorably describes the current Islamic regime in Iran, explores the roles of women in both the religious and work worlds. The author begins by describing the role of women according to the teachings of the Koran. The paper further examines the role of women in Iranian society both before and after the Islamic Revolution. The author concludes by stating Iranian women are progressively getting higher educations and achieving more status in the work place. Ultimately, the author believes women will achieve an influential position in Islamic Iranian society.
Outline:
Introduction and Cultural Background
The Iranian Revolution and the Situation of Women Women and Employment
Figure 1. Women aged 10 and Above, Employed in Cities and Villages
Figure 2. Literacy Rate of Females Aged 6 and Above (in percentage)
Conclusion
From the Paper "There is a general perception in the West that the ethical treatment of women in Islamic countries amounts to gender discrimination, oppression and a transgression of basic human rights. This view does not conform to the foundational Islamic teaching. This can be seen from the very outset in the way that the Koran describes the creation of women. In the Holy Scriptures there is no implicit difference made in terms of status or intrinsic value between male and female. In ethical terms, while there are obvious differences between men and women, these gender differences do not impact or affect ethical values and treatment of women. Men and women are seen to be essentially the same in terms of relative value and status. "Despite the distinctions between the treatment of men and the treatment of women when the Qur'an discusses creation of humankind ...there is no essential difference in the value attributed to women and men. There are no indications, therefore, that women have more or fewer limitations than men." (Wadud 15) "
