Abstract This paper presents a research proposal to study the subject of women, disability and sexuality and how society responds to women who are noticeably physically disabled and also those whose disabilities are not observable.The paper questions how women suffering noticeable and unobserved disabilities express themselves sexually and whether stereotypical images of "the ideal woman" impact a woman's disability beyond the physicality of that disability. In researching the topic and seeking answers to these questions the paper relies upon existing studies and research to reach conclusions and an understanding of the subject matter.
Outline:
Introduction
The Ideal Woman
Women and Reproductive Disabilities: The Inside Perspective
Physically Observable Disability and Women's Sexuality
Expressions of Women's Sexuality When Disabled Summary
From the Paper ""Tocqueville's observations of the typical American male's behavior in the face of the wilderness provide a suggestive frame for an account of his observations of the typical sexual relations between an American man and his wife. "Everywhere extreme civilization and nature abandoned to herself find themselves together, and as it were, face to face." Tocqueville was sensitive to his natural surroundings. In spite of his soul's penetration "by a sort of religious terror" he "couldn't keep from admiring the supreme horror of the place," the wilderness. On one occasion he and his companion were softened into a rare state of consciousness, beyond the will to express it. "
Abstract This paper discusses whether veterans returning from Iraq with disabilities, such as post-traumatic stress disorder, should receive preferential treatment in securing employment. This paper further provides a comparison of the affirmative action programs for veterans, minorities and women, followed by an analysis of the deontological and utilitarian aspects of these human resource initiatives. The author concludes that affirmative action for veterans is weak compared to other programs for women and minorities.
Outline:
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Utilitarian and Deontological Considerations
Conclusions
From the Paper "By sharp contrast, affirmative action programs for women and minorities are of fairly recent origin. According to Cohen and Sterba (2003), less than two months after assuming office, President John F. Kennedy issued Executive Order 10925 in March 1961 that established the President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity; the goal of this initiative was to end discrimination in employment by the federal government and its contractors. This presidential mandate, which is still in effect today, requires every federal contract from that time forward to include the following pledge: "The Contractor will not discriminate against any employee or applicant for employment because of race, creed, color, or national origin. The Contractor will take affirmative action, to ensure that applicants are employed, and that employees are treated during employment, without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin" (Executive Order 10925, 1961, cited in Cohen & Sterba, 2003, p. 12). While these words had been used in federal legislation in the past such as the National Labor Relations Act of 1935, it was the mandate of President Kennedy that created the national commitment to "affirmative action" to take those steps necessary to eliminate all preference by race (Cohen & Sterba, 2003). Affirmative action programs for women and minorities assume a large variety of forms today, ranging from conducting more aggressive recruiting efforts in ethnic communities to mandating a specific number of positions be set aside specifically for female and minority candidates (Beckwith & Jones, 1997). Many states have established comparable affirmative action programs for women, minorities and disabled veterans that have recently been confirmed as constitutional as well (Muhl, 1999). "
Tags:disabled, veterans, PTSD, Iraq, war, Affirmative, Action
An examination of affirmative action in the US with regards to hiring and promoting, particularly the Disabled Veterans Affirmative Action Program (DVAAP).
Abstract This paper discusses affirmative action issues in the US, particularly as they pertain to the hiring and promoting decisions that come along with minorities, women and veterans. The paper focuses on the Disabled Veterans Affirmative Action Program (DVAAP) and looks at how affirmative action relates to discrimination in both hiring and promoting.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Too Much Action - Reverse Discrimination
Getting Around The Guidelines
Changing The Status Quo
The Specifics Of Law
Conclusion
From the Paper "The main ethical principle here should not be a deontological argument, but rather should be utilitarianism. The greatest number of people will actually be helped by ensuring that discrimination of any type (including the issue of reverse discrimination) does not continue in the United States. It is therefore very important to use the arguments that one can make to show why reverse discrimination will harm a large number of people, including those who it is designed to protect and care for. This harm can come from aggravation that others feel when they notice the reverse discrimination, but it can also come from employers and institutions that are being forced to hire or admit people who are clearly not qualified on the basis of their race or gender or handicap, or what they have done for the country in the past. Only when those characteristics are completely irrelevant will everyone really be 'equal' in the quest for employment. While disabled veterans should certainly be given the same opportunities as everyone else and be free from discriminatory practices based on their disabilities, they should not receive preferential treatment to the point that they are hired over individuals who are clearly more qualified."
Abstract This study focuses on the disabled individuals and the public perceptions and opinions that prevent disabled individuals from the basic human right of sexual expression. It is denying people with emotional and physical needs the right to experience intimacy, and to share those experiences with others. Using the existing body of work and studies on sexuality and disabled individuals, this study helps to bring about changes in perception and opinions that create barriers, which prevent disabled people from having fulfilling and complete shared experiences and relationships with others. The paper demonstrates that sexual expression is a basic human right to which disabled people are entitled to experience.
Outline:
Introduction
Methodology
Literature Review
Disabled People and Non-Disabled People: Perceptions in Retrospect
Sexual Expression and Mental Retardation
Acquired Disabilities and Sexual Expression
Conclusion
From the Paper "Even though the disabled person was being used to promote awareness of HIV/AIDS, at the same time the media message was that it was becoming less of a problem, which is not accurate. However, it was important to use the image of a healthy looking afflicted person in order not to offend the healthy viewers, and to convey the message in a way that did not unsettle the viewer's level of comfort with the images and message."
Tags: physical, disabilities, promiscuity, sexuality, media, human, rights
Abstract In this paper, the advantages of therapeutic recreation for people with physical disabilities are analyzed. The paper discusses how recent legislation forbidding discrimination against those with disabilities has impacted this field. The legislation has stimulated recreational therapists, specialists and educators alike to take on a more active role in providing a wide range of physical and recreational activities for people who have physical disabilities. These activities typically work to help promote the quality of life among people who have disabilities and improve participation, interaction and understanding among their able bodied peers.
Outline:
Causes and Characteristics of Population - Physically Disabled Importance of Recreation for Population
Role and Place of Recreation in Life
Overview of Legislation Affecting Disabled Role and Use of Therapeutic Recreation
Specific Recreation Activities to Improve Functioning
Conclusions
From the Paper "A person who has a physical disability may be defined in multiple ways. Henderson (1999) suggests that a disability can be defined "as a physical or mental impairment that restricts one or more aspects of a person's life" (22). This definition is supported by others who suggest that people who are disabled generally are limited with respect to their ability to participate in certain physical and recreation activities; this suggests a need to explore new ways for identifying how to help people who are disabled experience a full range of activities including physical and therapeutic recreational activities (Henderson, 2002; Austin & Crawford, 1996; Smith, Austin & Kennedy, 1996). "
A discussion of the lack of adequate facilities and technology for disabled university students at the University of California of Irvine and a proposed solution to this problem.
Abstract This paper addresses the failure of the Disability Services Center (DSC)of the University of California of Irvine to provide adequate testing facilities and space, the Center's poor utilization of technology for internal systems, and an internal and external misunderstanding of the necessity for their services and why those services are critical to the student with a disability. The paper suggests that the University needs to invest in technology to research and justify expansion of DSC space, testing facilities for reasonable testing accommodations, and advanced training in web technology. The paper also advocates the need to make the students, administrative staff, and the general public more aware of the needs of disabled students. Finally, the paper suggests transitioning to a more web-based system, which would simplify the systems at the DSC.
Table of Contents:
Executive Summary & Introduction
Literature Review
Problem Description
Research Study Setting: The Disability Services Center
Methods
Results: Hypothesis
Data Analysis
Discussion
Design Recommendations
Conclusion
From the Paper "It is very apparent from the research that the DSC needs to address the cumbersome paper system. A web based questionnaire, or e-mail survey (not PDF form) one that could be filled in by the professor, and then returned and put into a database, would help eliminate much cumbersome repetitive filling out of forms by both students and professors. It would also create expectancy. If professors have discussed the reasonable accommodations with students, faculty will expect the required forms to come by one particular communication vehicle. If everything is sent out via e-mail, both the professor and DSC staff will expect it. As the professor indicated, the web might be a better way to address the issue, with professors and students signing on to complete necessary paperwork. This eliminates looking through a lot of junk mail or junk e-mail. This web based system would also allow the student to check back and make sure the faculty member had signed off or did the necessary work to make the reasonable testing accommodation occur. This creation of this type of system could take a lot of paperwork off the DSC."
Tags: equal opportunity, disabled access handicapped testing test-taking exams, American With Disabilities Act
Abstract In this article, the writer discusses the effects of a physical disability on the family unit. The writer looks at whether family members and others in the medical and mental health fields are doing enough to ensure that patients that must deal with disabilities get the best care possible for all of their needs. The writer maintains that family members and medical professionals often look only at the physical aspects of the disability and therefore they do not do enough to study and help the emotional and behavioral issues that may also come along with certain physical disabilities, such as anxiety stemming from the diagnosis and the worry that comes along with that diagnosis. The writer concludes that more focus on specific disabilities would likely also be very helpful when it comes to looking at mental and emotional health issues and how family members react to those kinds of problems.
Outline:
Main Area of Study
Brief Review of the Literature
Critique of the Literature
From the Paper "The main issue that must be dealt with here is whether family members and others in the medical and mental health fields are doing enough to ensure that patients that must deal with disabilities get the best care possible for all of their needs. As has been mentioned, family members and medical professionals often look only at the physical aspects of the disability and therefore they do not do enough to study and help the emotional and behavioral issues that may also come along with these types of physical disabilities, such as anxiety stemming from the diagnosis and the worry that comes along with that diagnosis. When someone has a physical disability that can be cured, the suffering from it and the problems that they face with it are usually relatively short-lived and overall these kinds of physical disabilities do not contribute to long-term pain and significant mental or emotional problems.
"However, where a chronic or permanent disability is concerned, patients and their families must deal with the physical disability for a much greater period of time, and the emotional stress that this places on the family can become very uncomfortable and painful for them if there is no effective way of treating it or no outlet for the feelings that the patient and the family often has where the physical disability is concerned."
Abstract In this article, the writer notes that in the past few decades, technology and computer systems have undergone dramatic changes, reflecting the changes in our culture today. The writer points out that as contemporary society becomes increasingly diverse and complex, so do the processes involving computer science. Advancements in computer science have brought jobs to thousands of people with disabilities, including those with spinal cord injuries and vision loss. Fast computers and broadband connections have become so inexpensive and reliable that location is no longer an issue for certain opportunities, such as customer service jobs and online education. The writer maintains that a review of the literature indicates that on a global level, the number of individuals with disabilities is increasing, in addition to technological advancements that aid their disabilities. This paper analyzes and discusses the manner in which computers aid disabled individuals and concludes with recommendations for the future.
Outline:
Introduction
Assistance Provided by Computers
Computers & Disabled Students
Computers & Recreational Activities
Barriers to Computer Use
Conclusion
From the Paper "Technological advancements in computer science have assisted in that disabled students can attend classrooms with non-disabled students with the aid of certain computer advancements. Technological advancements have caused placement in special classes or removal from the regular education setting only when the disability is so severe that satisfactory education cannot be achieved in regular classes with the use of supplementary supports.
"Computer science has also assisted disabled students in attending institutions of higher learning. Physical, learning, and health-related disabled students are attending college in increasing numbers and usually require accommodations to maximize their educational opportunities. The complexity of this student body produces multiple educational goals, learning approaches, and situational factors present many new challenges unknown in prior years."
Tags:disabilities, difficulties, impairments, students
Abstract This paper looks at how the disabled have been discriminated against in the U.S., past public policy that enforced this discrimination, and recent changes to legislation and policy that are designed to eliminate discrimination and protect the rights of individuals with disabilities. Finally, the paper presents both the arguments in favor of disability policies and laws, as well as the arguments, opposed to disability policies and laws.
From the Paper "Public policy was made up of state and private/corporate policies until the middle of the 1950s, when things began to change, however, wrongheadedly by making those with disabilities ?sick.? But some recognition was better than none, and at least opened the door to a changing approach over time. With the passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act in 1990, many thought the change was complete. They hadn"t reckoned with state's desires to circumvent paying off for their prior misdeeds. They hadn"t reckoned with the huge, although apparently temporary, outcry from business that making accommodations to facilities as required by the law would bankrupt them."
Abstract This paper begins by listing the sections of the "Americans with Disabilities Act." The sections are: Employment, Public Services, Public Accommodations, Telecommunications and Miscellaneous. The paper explores each of these sections briefly and then discusses the history of the movement for equality for disabled Americans. The author discusses the disabilities of U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt. The paper also looks into Jerry Lewis's yearly telethons which benefited the Muscular Dystrophy Association, but were associated with a negative influence on the rights of disabled people.
From the Paper "Title I states that a business must provide reasonable accommodations to protect the rights of individuals with disabilities in all aspects of employment, and may include restructuring jobs, changing the layout of workstations, or modifying equipment (ADA). Other aspects may include the application process, hiring, wages, benefits, and all other aspects of employment, as well as highly regulated medical examinations (ADA). Employers cannot ask job applicants about the existence, nature or severity of a disability, however applicants may be asked about their ability to perform specific job functions (Facts). A job offer may be conditioned on the results of a medical examination, yet only if the examination is required for all entering employees in similar jobs (Facts). Medical examinations of employees must be related to the job and consistent with the employer's business needs (Facts). Under Title II, public services, including state and local government instrumentalities, the National Railroad Passenger Corporation, and other commuter authorities, cannot deny services to individuals with disabilities; participation in programs or activities that are available to those without disabilities, and public transportation systems, such as public transit buses, must by accessible to individuals with disabilities (ADA). Title III states that all new construction and modifications must be accessible to individuals with disabilities, and barriers to services must be removed if readily achievable for existing facilities (ADA). Public accommodations include facilities such as restaurants, hotels, grocery stores, retail stores, as well as privately owned transportation systems (ADA). Under Title IV, telecommunications companies offering telephone service to the general public must have telephone relay service to individuals use devices for the deaf, TTYs, or similar devices (ADA). Title V includes a provision that prohibits either coercing or threatening, or retaliating against the disabled or those attempting to aid a disabled person in asserting their rights under the ADA (ADA). "
Abstract This paper explores the degree to which these books represent a social understanding of disability. The author points out that this approach differs from ethnographic approaches or the documentation of disability through quantitative techniques such as surveys in that it addresses issues related to disability within a social framework.
From the Paper "This essay will explore the degree to which Tanya Titchkosky, in Disability, Self and Society, Jenny Morris in Pride Against Prejudice and Simi Linton in Claiming Disability all represent a social understanding of disability. This approach differs from ethnographic approaches or the documentation of disability through quantitative techniques such as surveys in that it addresses issues related to disability within a social framework (Titchkosky, 6-7)."
Abstract This research paper presents a view on the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. The paper looks at the history of the act, what it addresses, the problems associated with implementation and how it impacts the disabled. This paper takes a particular point of view of the learning disabled college student and discusses how the ADA affects that population.
From the Paper "In 1990 Congress created the Americans with Disabilities Act. It was a sweeping legislation that encompassed virtually every aspect of American life - from work and school to commerce and transportation. It was divided into many different areas of influence, but perhaps one of the strongest was its working in conjunction with both the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act, in terms of providing for the education, facilities, faculty, services and support for students with disabilities of all kinds. The ADA succeeded in forcing schools and school districts to provide access for those with disabilities to all school buildings through its provision that no American could be discriminated against, either directly or indirectly (with some exceptions) because of their disability."
Abstract This paper summarizes results of four interviews. Two of the interviews are with people who do not know anyone who has an intellectual disability. Two interviews are done with people who know someone with an intellectual disability. According to this paper, often people who do not know anyone with an intellectual disability, think about people who are severely mentally retarded. People who know someone with an intellectual disability are more knowledgable.
Abstract In this article, the writer discusses that participating in athletics has proven to be beneficial to the intellectually disabled community in many ways. The writer notes that various organizations throughout the world encourage and promote the involvement of this population in such events. The athletes gain so much from their experiences and the community acknowledges their capabilities. The writer points out that mainstreaming of the disabled into the rest of society promotes the desire for understanding those that are different. The writer notes that there are many organizations that are striving to help the disabled community and are making advancements in society as a whole through their works with the intellectually disabled. The writer concludes that the athletes are obviously benefiting in many ways when they participate in these organizations.
From the Paper "Prior to the 1960s, intellectually disabled individuals were institutionalized and told that physical activity was damaging to them. That changed when President John F. Kennedy funded a program that tested the physical ability of the intellectually disabled. He was an advocate for this shift in belief because his own sister was of special needs and enjoyed sports. His other sister, Eunice, started having intellectually disabled individuals meet at her home to participate in sports and ever since then, it has become an ongoing belief that sports benefit the intellectually disabled community."
"Often times, the disabled can become isolated within society. People do not understand those with disabilities and often neglect to include them in on activities out of fearing the unknown. Through organizations, such as Special Olympics or Disability Challengers, the intellectually disabled are encouraged to participate in athletic and recreational activities. This helps boost the athletes self esteem and self-worth."
Abstract The following study examines the effects of the Americans with Disabilities Act on the nation's public transportation systems. Considered are the legislation's benefits to Americans with physical and mental disabilities, as well as the effects on those who were not the intended targets of the remedies provided by the law. A review of the literature looks at the possible arguments as they have been seen by experts in the field - politicians, transit planners, advocates for the disabled, etc. Previous studies on the subject are evaluated for what light they may shed on the issue. The researcher also studies the effects of the act more directly by gauging the responses of those who actually make use of such public transit facilities. The researcher presents recommendations for future action, as well as comments on the overall utility of the Americans with Disabilities Act as it applies to the country's public transportation system. Lastly, there are suggestions for future research.
Outline:
Introduction
Literature Review
Method of Research
Results
Conclusion
Further Research
From the Paper "Each one these ideas, in and of itself, speaks volumes about the need to continue to study the implications of the Americans with Disabilities Act on the very individuals whom it is supposed to help. The themes point up the continued lack of understanding - and even outright - prejudice that comes with attempts at compliance. On a fundamental level, many in officialdom, and among the public, do not appear to comprehend the real needs of the disabled. They do not begin to see how ill-informed many of those in need are, not because they are unaware that there is some sort of help available, but because they cannot obtain anything like adequate or detailed information about the kinds of facilities that work for them. To a visually-impaired man, woman, or child, the availability of printed information on transit access is next to useless. At best it contributes to their continued dependence on other individuals who must translate for them, while at worst it keeps them largely or wholly ignorant of the real opportunities that await them."
