Abstract
This paper examines the history of the entitlement of women in the Canadian old-age pension system. The paper points out that, although at first limited, the scope of Canadian women's enfranchisement in the successive public pensions schemes instituted between 1928 and 1985 did gradually widen, allowing more and more women to receive pensions. The working premise of the paper is that this progress was foremost the fruits of women's own labors, literally as well as figuratively.
Women in effect earned the right to a pension by earning a living in increasing numbers. The paper concludes that, in order to do this, women had to overcome the prevailing social mores, prejudices, institutional resistance and male-dominated cultural stereotypes.

From the Paper
"Data from the 1901 Canadian Census records a total male population of 2,066,000 and a total female population of 1,957,000. Out of this 1,618,000 men but only 215,000 women were gainfully employed; in other words, 78.3 percent of Canadian males earned their living by working whereas only 14.4 percent of Canadian women did. (Series D107) Some thirty years later, on the heels of Canada's first full-fledged public pension, 78.5 percent of Canada's 4,206,000 men and 19.4 percent of its women were gainfully employed. The raw numbers are particularly revealing: 3,296,000 men but only 752,000 women reported having a job. Yet, even if these results are skewered by the Great Depression, there were still over three times as many women working in 1931 than 1901."

Tags:feminism, workers, rights, employment, conditions, Canada

Abstract
This paper recounts the chronological history of the Canadian Pension System and the social and political trends affecting its evolution. It then contextualizes these developments in light of any discernible correlations between this evolution and the rise in women's employment levels.

From the Paper
"Historian James Struthers is of the opinion that "gender played an important role in limiting and constraining the entitlement of women in their old age." ("Limits" 63) Nonetheless the scope of Canadian women's enfranchisement in the successive public pensions schemes instituted between 1928 and 1985 did gradually widen and more and more women did receive pensions. The working premise of this paper is that this progress was foremost the fruits of their own labors, literally as well as figuratively. Women in effect earned the right to a pension by earning a living in..."

Tags:women, pensions, employment

Abstract
This paper closely examines how the scope of Canadian women's enfranchisement in the public old age pensions schemes instituted between 1928 and 1985 did gradually widen and more and more women did receive pensions. Now, the working premise of this paper is that this progress was foremost the fruits of their own labors, literally as well as figuratively.

From the Paper
"Canadian social historian James Struthers is of the opinion that "gender played an important role in limiting and constrain- ing the entitlement of women in their old age." ("Limits" 63) Nonetheless, the scope of Canadian women's enfranchisement in the successive public pensions schemes instituted between 1928 and 1985 did gradually widen and more and more women did receive pensions. Now, the working premise of this paper is that this progress was foremost the fruits of their own labors, literally as well as figuratively. Women in effect earned the right to a pension by earning a living. If they..."

Tags:women, pensions, employment

Abstract
The author of the paper makes a study of the stereotypes associated with old age. Through an interview with an elderly woman, the writer attempts to show how these stereotypes are reflected in the subject of his interview. The writer attempts to show that making assumptions regarding a particular person on the basis of stereotypes or pre-formed conclusions can often lead us to make unjustified assumptions regarding individuals and categories of people.

From the Paper
"Mrs. N--defied a number of stereotypes about the elderly during the interview, and also one research study which noted: "Gerontologists have long noted that people tend to disassociate themselves from the category of being old" (Jones 2006: 79). Mrs. N--did refer to herself as old, saying that she had experienced a loss, mainly because of her accident, and she blamed herself to some degree for the accident, saying that if she had been as sharp as she had been in her youth she would never have been caught by surprise. However, her refusal to go to an assisted living community because she did not want to only be around old people all of the time, or told when to eat and sleep--'being around a mix of old and young, children and people my age is natural, which you don't get in one of those senior places'--did show some defiance of the aging process. Overall, while her positive memories and portrayal of her struggles as a young woman could be read as a positivity bias, typical of older adults who want or need to remember the past as 'better' or fulfilling when gazing upon the next life stage, Mrs. N-- seemed to have a strongly realistic yet positive view of the world and her future years as an 'older person' that might be comforting to many people facing old age (Quinn, Mather, & Carstensen 2004:208)"

Tags:senior, italian, old, store, gerontology, young, youth, elderly, decrepitude, health, retirement, grandparent, children, physical, neglect

Abstract
This paper is a compare and contrast analysis of the characteristics and effects of old age on man compared to their younger fellow species. It looks at the differences in physical and psychological states and examines the dread of some at becoming old and the measures people take to try and slow down the condition. It also reviews various pieces of literature on the topic of old age and the elderly.

From the Paper
"Young people burst with energy and life. Their days are filled with physical activity, games, sports, and mischief. Older adults usually do not exhibit any mischievous traits, which may be an unfortunate side effect of aging. A little bit of playfulness can boost saddened spirits. Both seniors and adolescents seem prone to melancholy and depression; it seems that with regards to mental, emotional, and psychological health, old age and youth have much in common. Likewise, the body seems to basically begin going in reverse after middle age. Teeth and hair fall out and bones shrink."

Tags:youth, wisdom, seniors, adolescents, life, death

Abstract
A slide presentation about current issues facing women in the criminal justice system emphasizing sexual assault, domestic violence and gender bias in court.

From the Paper
"American women confront many challenges when interacting with the criminal justice system, including; Difficulties in prosecuting sexual assault cases; Inadequacy in protection against domestic violence; Biases based on gender; Barriers to professional advancement at the bar and on the bench. According to Jane Roush, the American Bar Association (ABA) has long recognized that American women face numerous obstacles related to gender bias when interacting with the criminal justice system. Specifically, women..."

Tags:women, sexual assault, criminal justice

Abstract
In this article, the writer assesses what factors may lead to the loss of identity in one particular group in society; the elderly. Indeed, the writer notes that examining the loss of identity in old age is a very pertinent subject for the social scientist. Identity loss is very often accompanied by the onset of old age and therefore this preponderance makes it a valid place to begin. The study of what causes identity loss in old age therefore forms the first part of this work. Following this, the writer offers a brief examination as to what methods social care practitioners can employ when attempting to counter such developments in the elderly.

From the Paper
"One of the most prominent factors that can result in loss of identity occurs when significant and prolonged change takes place within an individuals life circumstances. Now although such change can occur under a variety of auspices, the onset of old age is one of the most prominent. The general factors that allow identity to be fostered and nourished, i.e. work, home environment, family and friends, societal contacts etc are the very factors that tend to become unstable in later life. Family and friends, particularly if they relative contemporaries in age often die, leaving only the individual remaining. The individual concerned may be living in the same house, alongside all the identity forming belongings they have accumulated over the years. However, without the human element of the home environment, identity loss can often be the result of such circumstances. Naturally, retirement leads to the almost complete loss of identity provided by employment."

Tags:social, activities, past, experiences

Abstract
This paper discusses how middle-aged and senior individuals are increasingly beginning to appear as vibrant actors in society and culture, boosted both by the demographic change in the nation and the significant advances in gerontology that have so lengthened the senior years of life. It examines the question of whether people moving from middle age to old age reduce their number of interpersonal relationships and contacts with society in general or whether old age can be consistent with active participation in the creation of society.

From the Paper
"It would be absurd to suggest that aging follows the same processes in all cultures, or that it is even sociologically similar in various subcultures. The experience of a native man or woman growing into an elder of a tribal society is surely vastly different than the experience of an third-world industrial worker becoming elderly, which in turn is different than the experiences of our postmodern elderly in the information society that rules America. So this work will limit itself to discussing the phenomena of aging within mainstream American culture. Yet even within mainstream America, it appears that there are at least two distinct sorts of senior cultures, with distinct styles of aging."

Tags:gerontology, elderly, baby, boomer, generation

Abstract
This paper explains that, in "Beowulf", the epic verse of heroism and honor, the major and the majority of the minor characters are male with the women even Grendel's Mother, the monster's mother, appearing to be of little consequence; however, in Geoffrey Chaucer's stories, "The Wife of Bath" and "The Miller's Tale", female characters are central to the stories. The author points out that the Wife of Bath is the narrator of the tale and includes her own mini-autobiography before beginning her tale of the knight; the female character in "The Miller's Tale" is the central point of action, the reason the story moves forward. The paper relates that the women in "Beowulf" are portrayed as being either evil or good; whereas, in Chaucer's tales, the women move from being revered, as in "The Wife of Bath" to being instrumental in creating fools of men by using sexual powers.

From the Paper
"Chaucer begins the "Miller's Tale" by describing the social circumstances surrounding the group. The Miller is drunk and some feel it would be best if he simply passed up his chance to speak and let someone else entertain, however the Miller insists and apologizes in advance for anything that he might say. This tale does not paint the female character as one of wisdom and loyalty as in the Wife's tale, but rather as a lusty young maiden, who much resembles the Wife herself. The Miller explains that his tale is about a carpenter, his young wife, a student and a clerk. The student boarded with the carpenter and his wife, and one day while the carpenter was away, the student came forth with his intentions to the wife, who readily accepted."

Tags:instrument, power, centrality, humanistic, focus

Abstract
This paper discusses the treatment of women and girls in the criminal justice system. The paper evaluates the recommendations of the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration Task Force on Women regarding female offenders, female crime victims, and female criminal justice professionals. The paper describes the nature of the changes that have been taking place regarding gender bias and inequality within the justice system.

From the Paper
"The criminal justice system provides training to police and law enforcement agencies, prosecutors and judges (Legal Defense and Education Fund 2004). The New York State Police Academy, for example, trains its criminal justice professionals through a week-long Sex Offense Seminar. They are taught how to investigate sex crimes; collect evidence from crime scenes; interview suspects, surviving victims and other witnesses; obtain expert testimony; gather and present forensic evidence; screen for drug-facilitated sexual assault and similar crimes; observe Departmental protocol for crime investigations; recognize trauma syndrome and the surviving victim's emotional needs and rights; and coordinate with crisis programs, health care personnel and related agencies (LDEF)."

Tags:victims, gender, bias