Abstract
This essay examines how women in late nineteenth century America suffered gender discrimination. The vast majority were married by the time they were 29. Unlike earlier, however,a significant minority had earned wages before marriage. Many more earned money while they were married taking in borders or washing clothes. These earnings gave them a degree of power still sorely lacking in the political sphere.

From the Paper
"One has only look at the Declaration of Sentiments issued at the end of The Seneca Falls Convention of 1848 for historical proof that women were treated as second class citizens in America in the latter half of the 19th century. If women were in fact treated legally, politically and socially as men's equals, there would have been no convention, no one hundred and fifty plus year feminist movement in America. Women may well have made only limited progress in the subsequent half century in elevating their status, but there is ample evidence that it was not for..."

Tags:women, late 19th century, america

Abstract
The paper provides two essays: one on the issue of race and racism from the late 19th century to the end of World War II, and the other on women during the same time period. The paper discusses social, economic and political conditions during this era for women and minorities.

From the Paper
"The purpose of this essay is to identify the ways in which race and racism have informed the legal and social practices of American politicians and reformers beginning in the late nineteenth century to the end of World War II. It should be noted that the American perspective on race predates the late nineteenth century. The Naturalization Act of ... for example, offered the first legislative definition of American nationality, because Congress restricted the process of becoming a citizen to free..."

Tags:race, gender, women, racism, American history

Abstract
The paper looks at how, by 1863, women in the US were beginning to influence the economy due in large part to the Civil War and the shortage of male labor. The paper looks at how many men, however, endorsed the societal norm of the time that a woman's rightful place was in the home. The paper describes how women starting their own businesses found it very hard to secure adequate credit to start and expand their businesses. The paper portrays how even resourceful women were relegated by societal norms to the role of glorified housekeeper.

From the Paper
"One has to only look at the Declaration of Sentiments issued at the end of The Seneca Falls Convention of 1848 for historical proof that women were treated as second class citizens in America in the latter half of the 19th century.1 If women were in fact treated legally, politically and socially as men's equals, there would have been no convention, no one hundred and fifty plus year feminist movement in America. Women may well have made only limited progress in the subsequent half century in elevating their status, but there is ample evidence that it was not for lack of trying."

Tags:feminism, housekeeper, business, status, equality, home

Abstract
This paper discusses how the culture or way of life of the people in America in the late 19th century consisted of such factors as their heightening interests in material goods and possessions made possible by the Industrial Revolution, growing interest in the world around them, their growing divisions of socio-political ideologies and collective institutions, their traditional pastimes, customs and evolving ideals. It contends that, as a result, American life in the late 19th century was profound in the evolving process of reaching, as never before in the history of the nation, a highly advanced state of science, mechanics and societal evolution. It also examines how this was exemplified by an emerging socio-political platform calling for greater demand of change voiced from not only American white women but from the recently freed black American masses, with both factions struggling for greater human and social rights.

From the Paper
"In fact, it was the Industrial Revolution during the 19th century that was the forerunner to today's progress in computerized and Internet technology through its industrial development that has been continuous to a large extent this very day. This is because the Industrial Revolution during the 19th century, just as the technological explosion of today, led to increasing new changes of life in many different ways that never ever were considered before that time. Unfortunately, one of the changes brought about by the exciting new vistas of America's mechanized manufacturing industrialized society of the 19th century was the deepening separation between the poor and rich classes of American. This unfortunately brought about greater disparity of the poor delving into greater poverty versus the immense riches gained by the wealthy class of people. "

Tags:Industrial, Revolution, Frederic, Douglass, slaves, blacks

Abstract
In this paper, the gender roles of women in the 19th century has been evaluated in three paintings by Berthe Morisot, Mary Cassatt, and John Singer Sargent. The Victorian era value were often dictated by the various standards of classes in Europe and in America. Sargent's work evaluates to often exclusive privileges given to members of the upper classes that clashed with the stricter societal norms for women in lower and middle class incomes.

From the Paper
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Tags:victorian, painting, women

Abstract
The 1800s was a century filled with immense change. The emotions of repression, and the desire for sexual equality that burnt within the hearts of women would be sent forth into this new era of reform. The paper shows, however, that women didn't stop at defending their natural right to equality. They also fought for other radical ideas concerning temperance, the abolitionist movement and prison reform. Despite the inferior status of women at this point in time, the paper discusses how they managed to play a substantial role in this Reform Crusade.

From the Paper
"As the temperance movement was a giant leap in the status of women, the abolitionist movement was also yet another progression towards the goal of reform. In the mid-1800's, the movement took off due to the efforts of two particular women. Angelena and Sarah Grimke were raised proper young women, but also grew up detesting slavery, and they made sure that their opinion was known. In response towards a pastoral letter condemning the sisters efforts, Sarah Grimke writes that "Men and women were created equal"(Skinner 61) and ultimately proclaims that women are worthy adversaries especially involving issues such as the abolitionist movement."

Tags:Dorthea, Dix, underground, railroad, prohibition

Abstract
This paper traces the history of the women's suffrage movement in 19th century America, with an emphasis on its leaders and goals. In particular, the contributions of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Fanny Wright are illustrated through their writings and lectures. The paper states that women earning the right to vote meant a nearly complete transformation of social norms in the United States. The paper also describes the connection between the abolitionist movement and women's suffrage. The writer concludes that despite the ratification of the 19th Amendment, women still suffered from widespread discrimination and continue to fight for equal rights even today.

From the Paper
"Susan B. Anthony and scores of other prominent suffragists rallied as much for the cause of abolition as for women's rights. One of the most notable companion causes of 19th century suffragists was the temperance movement. In fact, suffragist Frances Willard had been intimately involved in the Christian Temperance movement and in 1891 became president World's Woman's Christian Temperance Union. The temperance movement's primary objective was the reduction in alcohol abuse, and in 1872, the Prohibition Party became the "first national political party to recognize the right of suffrage for women in its platform," ("Women's History in America"). Therefore, the women's suffrage movement did not exist in isolation of other social, economic, and political causes."

Tags:women's, suffrage, women's, rights, Fanny, Wright, Elizabeth, Cady, Stanton, 19th, amendment

Abstract
It emphasizes the influence of Queen Victoria's 40-year mourning period for Prince Albert, and goes into the social psychology of the veil, as well as the color black. The paper concentrates on women's mourning garb, but also mentions the fact that men's mourning clothing was not that different from their usual formal attire.

Abstract
This paper analyzes the sexual and marital lives of women in four major Latin American cities between the 17th and 19th centuries. By analyzing and comparing the experiences of women in Mexico City, Bahia, Buenos Aries and Lima, this paper shows that while there were certainly some differences in the intimate lives of the populations in these areas, there were more often vastly similar social norms and religious institutions which resulted in similar life experiences from one major city to another. Further, this paper discusses these differences and similarities in terms of their effects on the sexual and marital lives of the women in colonial Latin America.

From the Paper
"Only women who were virgins when single, monogamous when married, and chaste when widowed were allowed legal discourse (Seed 1988). Sexual crimes such as concubinage, incest, bigamy, and abortion were often harshly punished when the offender were female (Seed 1988). Further, prostitution was illegal, as was adultery, and both were punishable by a loss of dowry and shares of community property, or imprisonment. In drastic cases, the husband was allowed to kill the woman (Seed 1988)."

Tags:catholic, marriage, virtue, illegitimacy, mullato

Abstract
This paper looks at the radical changes in women's roles and rights in America during the 18th and 19th centuries. The paper begins by briefly looking at their legal status in the 16th and 17th centuries. Next, the paper turns to a discussion of the struggle for women's rights within the context of the Age of Enlightenment, which began during the 18th century. The paper shows that while strides were being made, much progress was denied by the very men who were agitating for social change within the upper echelons of power. The paper then examines the impact of the Industrial Revolution on women's roles in society. Within the context of social change, the paper looks at the role of women in the abolitionist movement and examines how the suffrage movement for women differed from that for former slaves. The paper concludes with a discussion of the 19th amendment, giving women the right to vote.

Outline
Women's Legal Status in the 16th and 17th Century
Women's Rights in the 18th Century
Women and the Industrial Revolution
Women Abolitionists
Women's versus Black Man's Suffrage After the Civil War
Introduction of the Women's Suffrage Amendment
Women's Suffrage Becomes a Reality in 1920
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The modern Western struggle for women's rights began in the 18th century during the Age of Enlightenment. Political philosophers in Europe began to question traditional ideas that based the rights of citizens on their wealth and social status. Instead, leaders of the Enlightenment argued that all individuals were born with natural rights, and improved education and more egalitarian social structures could correct inequalities. Such radical ideas about equality and the rights of citizens helped inspire both the American Revolution in 1775 and the French Revolution in 1789--and spurred many women to claim equal rights as well. The fact was that women actually suffered many set backs in their unwritten rights during the "Age of Enlightenment". Earlier women of means had been writers, poets, dramatists, painters and thinkers. Rousseau's contention that women were not rational helped relegate many women to the status of "beast of burden". Where the wealthy had formally educated their women in the 16th and 17th Century so that they could intelligently discuss everything from politics to mathematics, this became less fashionable in the 18th Century."

Tags:suffrage, right, to, vote, 19th, amendment, industrial, revolution, age, of, enlightment, rousseau