Abstract
A proposal on the psychological issue of wife battering and its correlation.

From the Paper
"Introduction
In several speeches in 1989, the United States Surgeon General indicated that over 2 million women are physically assaulted by their spouses or partners each year (Geffner & Rosenbaum, 1990). The O.J. Simpson trial, despite its many sideshows, managed to place the issue of domestic abuse more firmly on the center stage of public discourse. The growing awareness of the seriousness of the domestic abuse problem has resulted in the legal system taking such cases more seriously. In addition to increased incarceration and punishment, many judges have begun referring men who abuse their partners in domestic abuse intervention programs. However, few studies have been made to assess the effectiveness of such programs. Those studies that have been conducted have only drawn weak..."

Abstract
This paper discusses the development of the concept of the battered wife and the use of the battered wife syndrome defense in a court of law. It then goes on to discuss the equality of this law and the emergence of the battered husband defense. The paper argues that the courts need to look at each case on its own merits with the same criteria for both men and women.

From the Paper
"Many individuals are upset about this decision. Given the unequal treatment of women over the history of the United States and that there still exist questions of equality of the two genders in many aspects of society, it is understandable that those who support women's rights are not pleased about this ruling. Also, much of this concern rightly comes from the fact that many battered women have been left unprotected by a society that refused to protect them. When many of these women chose life over death, they were prosecuted and had to spend many years improperly imprisoned. Those in the legal profession did not know or care enough or were too biased to defend these women based on their abusive situations."

Tags:rights PTSD trauma rational, domestic violence

Abstract
Contends the trauma suffered by victims is harmful to the victim, families and society. Definitions of domestic violence. Pattern of battering. Battered wife syndrome. Estimates of number of domestic assaults. Cycle of violence (physical, sexual, emotional, verbal, psychological attacks & economic coercion. Types of ongoing trauma (severe injuries, pain, depression).

From the Paper
"Trauma Experience in Domestic Violence
Introduction
Domestic violence is a widespread phenomenon in the United States. Although domestic violence assumes several forms, most victims of domestic violence experience physical trauma and secondary outcomes stemming from the trauma experience (Feldhaus, 2001). This paper reviews the trauma experience in domestic violence.


Defining Domestic Violence
There are several definitions of domestic violence. One definition is that domestic violence includes all violence occurring within a home. The Family Violence Prevention Fund defines domestic violence as a pattern of assaultive and coercive behaviors including physical, sexual, and psychological..."

Abstract
This paper explores the horrors that women of Iran endure at the hands of abusive males. It also looks at the history of the abuse and what it means to be a woman in Iran. The paper then examines the lives of 35 women who made the successful transition from being a battered Persian wife, to an independent and successful Persian-American woman (PAW). Through an intensive interview process this paper provides a solid understanding of what abused women in Iran face and what it takes for them to begin again. The paper explores the women's previous lives, their flight to safety and the hurdles they overcame once they arrived. The tangible issues including employment, language barriers and other things are discussed as well as the intangible issues including the difficulty overcoming a mindset that had been instilled for generations. The paper examines the successes and failures that these women faced and helps to illustrate the importance of a world statement for an end to abuse against women in Iran.

Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Statement of Problem
History Persian-Islamic Women
Interview
Interview results and discussion
Literature review
Suggestions
Study Limitations
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The final section of the questionnaire consisted of common demographic questions to describe the sample and to use in further analyzing the constraints. The demographic items included age, occupation, education, family income per month, personal income, marital status, number of children, and perceived health.
A pilot study was conducted with 40 Iranian women randomly selected in the 25-40 years age group. The procedures for sample selection and questionnaire distribution were piloted along with the actual questionnaire content. Ten items were omitted from the questionnaire after the pilot testing analysis was conducted. One item from the activity list was discarded along with nine items from the constraints items. If correlations between an item and the other items in the measured area were not significant at the .01 level, the item was eliminated. These items were also compared to the Cronbach's alpha reliability test and deleted if the alpha statistic was low."

Tags:abuse, persian american women, research culture iran obstacles

Abstract
The paper examines spousal abuse from the point of view of the victim, focusing on abused women. The paper relates cases that received much media coverage as well as lesser-known cases. Finally, the paper examines the role of society in maintaining the rate of spousal abuse, as well as what can be done to reduce it.

Contents:
Introduction: What is Spousal Abuse?
How Common is Spousal Abuse?
Who are Battered Women?
Why do Battered Women Stay with their Abusers?
A Brief Historical Overview of Spousal Abuse
What is to be Done about Spousal Abuse?

From the Paper
"The term "spousal abuse" may seem self-explanatory. In the purely definitional sense it refers to the abuse of one of the individuals in an intimate relationship. Usually the relationship is that of a marriage, other times that of a domestic partnership. Slapping, hitting, kicking, burning, punching, choking, shoving, beating, throwing things, locking out, restraining, and other acts designed to "injure, hurt, endanger, or cause physical pain," to one's spouse would come under the definition of abuse. (Berry, 1996, p.3) The term also encompasses emotional abuse, such as a spouse's consistently doing things to ridicule or demean their partner, refusing to let their spouse seek work outside the home, see friends or handle money, or threatening to hurt or abscond with the children. The term can also refer to sexual abuse (rape) or stalking, which often occurs when the abused partner attempts to leave the abusive relationship. Ninety-five percent of the victims of battering are estimated to be female under this definition of spousal abuse. However, men can abused as well, most commonly in a verbal fashion, or in regards to the custody of children."

Tags:wife, murder, family, custody, children, complicity, separation, assault, Stockholm, Syndrome, shelters, Violence, Against, Women, Act

Abstract
This paper examines how women have generally been ignored by researchers and law enforcement officials in considering issues of crime and crime prevention and how this has created a distorted picture of the degree to which women were involved in crime. It analyzes how when it discussing family violence, women are given considerable attention as victims and little as perpetrators, even though domestic violence against men is a major societal problem.

Outline
Introduction
Women and Violence
Further Evidence
Rates of Injury
Gender Differences
Moral Judgement
Analysis

From the Paper
"Husband battering has largely been ignored in the literature for several reasons, one of which is this view that women are simply not as violent as men. Another reason is that husband battering was thought to be a fairly rare occurrence, and police reports seemed to bear this out by showing in some cases a ratio of 12 to 14.5 female victims to every one male victim. Another reason is that women are seen as weaker and more helpless than men due to sex roles, while men, on the other hand, are seen as more sturdy and self reliant. Therefore, researchers believed that a study of abused husbands was relatively unimportant. However, once research was undertaken, it showed a different picture. "

Tags:husband, wife, battering, crime, household

Abstract
This paper includes statistics and a wide range of views on the issue of domestic violence, including abuse towards women, children, and the rarely discussed abuse of men. Domestic violence is a big problem in today's society, and this paper touches on all aspects of this crisis. This paper also touches on how women are still not being treated as equal to their husbands.

From the Paper
"Violence within the family is a problem in today's society. Domestic violence encompasses any violence that is inflicted upon one family member by another family member. Family violence can be described as spouse abuse, child abuse, or domestic abuse. Most authorities suggest that domestic violence is typically expressed in violence against women and children, although violence against men does occur. At dictionary.com they define abuse as cruel or inhumane treatment, a rude expression intended to offend or hurt, improper or excessive use, treat badly. (dictionary.com) Experts define wife abuse as an assault on a woman's mind or body, meant to make her comply with her husband's will. Child abuse can be defined as causing or permitting any harmful or offensive contact on a child's body and any communication or transaction of any kind, which humiliates, shames, or frightens the child. It can also be any act or omission, which fails to nurture the upbringing of the children. There are also many different types of abuse. Someone can be physically and sexually abusive as well as verbally and emotionally abusive. There is no one specific type of person that is abusive towards their family but researcher has found that there are similar psychological characteristics found in these people who are abusive. There is also no specific type of person who becomes the victim of these attacks but also like their attackers, the victims for the most part have a lot of similar characteristics. The topic of family abuse brings a lot of controversy when it is looked at from the personal and legal perspectives. One thing that cannot be argued about is there are both immediate and long-term consequences from all types of family abuse."

Tags:battering, child, domsetic, husband, physical, statistics, wife

Abstract
This paper discusses the problem of domestic violence and looks at some of the reasons why women stay in abusive relationships. In particular, the paper discusses some of the many obstacles that prevent a victim from leaving an abusive relationship and looks at how that society sometimes punishes the victim because of lack of knowledge of this situation. The paper contends that support networks and services should be put in place to help remove the obstacles or make is easier for the women to leave.

From the Paper
"Some victims stay because of religious beliefs, they don't believe in divorce and can't leave their marriage. Many faiths believe that the husband is the head of the house and in charge of the family. The wife would rather please her husband and save the marriage then end the violence. A victim with deep religious beliefs may find that her faith creates obstacles in her attempt to escape an abusive relationship. Some battered women stay because they love their partner and they believe they are in love and don't want to loose them. This might be hard for people who have not been battered to understand. However, many people have been in difficult relationships or have had difficult jobs that they knew they should leave, but didn't. In our culture love is looked upon as something that we all strive for, popular movies and song reinforce the idea that love is the most important thing in life and people should do anything for it. "

Tags:battered, wife, abuse

Abstract
This paper is a research proposal about a study of the identity of children who witness domestic violence and role-taking of the abuser and abuse victim from an interactionist perspective. Includes a problem statement, hypothesis, theoretical framework, brief literature review and methodology.

From the Paper
"Barry Zuckerman (1995) further expresses concerns about children that witness domestic violence in the article "Silent victims revisited: the special case of domestic violence." Zuckerman reiterated that children who witness violence will suffer psychological and behavioral problems that will interfere with their functionality. Children in a home where one parent is abusing the other parent have no feeling of comfort or security because they would normally turn to parents for safety, but in this case one parent is dangerous, while the other is a helpless victim. Wife beating may be present in as much as 16% of American families, and in some studies 40% of mothers reported that violence was used to settle disagreements in their home. Children may develop post traumatic stress disorder in response to the abuse. Zuckerman specifically addresses the impact of role development in abusive homes. "Violence between parents teaches children powerful lessons about the role of violence in intimate relationships. Children who grow up in violent homes, for example, are more likely to be aggressive with peers. They are also more likely as adults to become batterers or victims themselves." (Zuckerman 1995) A very large percentage of men who batter women witnessed their mother being abused, and girls who witness domestic abuse as children are more likely to become battered wives. "

Tags:batter, wife, spouse, child