Abstract This paper discusses the relevance of the WhorfianHypothesis (WH) - also referred to as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis - to language learning, in particular for the person who learned (or is learning) English as a second language. It looks at how there are conflicting views on the meaning of and application of WH - and on the value of this hypothesis about language. It reviews the available literature on the subject and offers value judgments on the significance of WH in various applications and learning environments.
From the Paper "The operating hypothesis put forward was that a movie created entirely by this group might reveal "aspects of cognition and values that may be inhibited, not observable, or not analyzable" when the process of investigation relies on "verbal exchange" conducted in the language of the investigator. Moreover, producing film images then sequencing those images by editing, cutting and pasting, just might help researchers understand better the WH. Another operating theory here is that by treating the visual as though it were a language, and then following up by comparing the two "linguistic structures" (visual and verbal) - believing that both make statements about cognition and culture "across two modes" - may provide a context in which the Whorfian manner comes clearer into focus. "
This paper looks that the Efficient Market Hypothesis, Stock market and investment procedures and how investors should act within the market, also answering key questions such as the definition and explanation of the concept of an Efficient Stock Market.
2,150 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 15 sources, 2002, $ 80.95
Abstract This paper looks that the Efficient Market Hypothesis, Stock market and investment procedures and how investors should act within the market, also answering key questions such as the definition and explanation of the concept of an Efficient Stock Market. Also addresses the approach (active or passive) that equity fund managers operating in advanced capitalist countries should adopt.
Tags: BUSINESS / MARKETING AND ADVERTISING, efficient market hypothesis
Abstract This paper discusses the hypothesis of Richard Blauner as it relates to the Hispanic culture in the United States. It discusses the ideas of immigrants and colonization and their effects on the races that exist in America. It further demonstrates that Blauner's ideas are still relevant in the social make-up of the US, and that his theories can be applied to the hindrances placed on the races within the country.
From the Paper "Most Hispanics residing within the United States have voluntarily immigrated into American society. Therefore, according to Richard Blauner, these individuals will possess a greater chance of survival because they are capable of offering knowledge and skills to the societal order. Blauner states that, when this is the case, immigrants are better equipped to meet Americans on an equal societal footing. This is in opposition to races that are considered colonized. Colonized groups are those that came into this country by force, and are, therefore, socially considered less than equal to the average American. These concepts of social standing are ingrained into the social structure, and regardless of the changes in a group's willingness to arrive in this country voluntarily in later years, society maintains the concept of the race by reflecting on their origins in this country."
Abstract This paper details a hypothesis (regarding teen pregnancies in the United States) using varying statistics and statistical methods performed on data. It includes a hypothesis statement and details for the performance of the five-step hypothesis test on the data. The paper also includes a description of the results of the tests and a comparison of the results from the new hypothesis to the former.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Hypothesis A
Analysis of Hypothesis A
Further Research Consideration
Hypothesis B
Analysis of Hypothesis B
Hypothesis Comparisons
Conclusion
Appendix I
From the Paper "The United States, compared with all developed countries of the world, has one of the highest per capita pregnancy rates of teenagers (King, 2005). According to data posted on the March of Dimes website, the number of teenage girls that become pregnant each year is about 860,000. Although the statistics are alarming, evidence of a change in the trend is apparent. The National Center for Health Statistics of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention produced data revealing a 23% decline in birth rates of unmarried teenagers in the past decade (King, 2005). This report will explore a specific influence that has affected the declining trend. Two hypotheses will be presented as support along with a description and analysis of the hypothesis testing."
Abstract This paper uses the hypothesis statement, "The typical American drinks on average 3 or more 8 oz. caffeine beverages a day" to demonstrate hypothesis testing. The author points out the steps in the five-step hypothesis test: (1) formulate a null and an alternative hypothesis; (2) select a level of significance or risk for the research; (3) identify the test statistic; (4) formulate a decision rule and (5) do the calculations and make a decision. The paper relates that hypothesis testing can be used to test any claim about a parameter.
Table of Contents:
Research Issue
Hypothesis Five-Step Hypothesis Test
Results
Other Uses of Hypothesis Testing
Excel Spreadsheets
Hypothesis Test: Mean vs. Hypothesized Value
From the Paper "A one-tail test is a test that indicates a direction. This direction can be indicated by the use of words such as less than or more than, or it can be indicated by the use of the greater or less than mathematical signs. The direction of the tail is determined by which direction the alternate hypothesis points. A two-tail test is needed when the words or signs equal and not equal are used. By looking at the hypotheses, Team B determined that they will be conducting a one-tail test to the right."
Tags: tail, test, test, alternative, null, population
Abstract Many studies on the efficient market hypothesis (EMH) and portfolio management suggest that the majority of professional investment managers cannot regularly beat a buy-and-hold strategy on a risk-adjusted basis. This paper attempts to examine the critiques on the efficient market hypothesis and the trend of the investors, financial analysts and portfolio managers to gather information to obtain excess-return. It begins with a brief description of the efficient market hypothesis and an outline of the characteristics associated with it, followed by a brief description of the new critiques against this hypothesis. It also discusses the relevant patterns that predict an excess return adjusted to the risk as well as new strategies applied by the investors.
Outline
Introduction
Efficient Market Hypothesis Under-Reaction to New Information
Technical Trading Rules
Contrarian Strategy
Seasonality Anomaly
Predictable Patterns Based on Valuation Parameters
Book Value-Market Value Ratio
Initial Dividend Yields
Initial Price-Earnings Multiples
Predictable Patterns Based on Firm Characteristics
Insider Trading Abnormal Profit
Emerging Markets
Conclusion
From the Paper "New conditions to beat the efficient market hypothesis has supported the shift away from market performance theories, based purely on mathematical or logical bases, to psychology and economics that offer some predictable patterns. (Mills, Roger p.37)
In fact the investment analysis still play an important role in decision-making concerning the purchase and sale of ordinary shares.(Arnold and Moizer 1984 p.195) The survey conducted by Arnold and Moizer (1984) suggests that the analyst use a common general pattern to appraise the ordinary shares using fundamental analysis like primary analysis technique to indentify shares over/under-valued. The other techniques, like technical analysis and beta anlysis, have a different purpose. The former is to determine the timing of the purchase and the latter is to evaluate the performance of portfolio management.(Arnold and Moizer, p.205)"
Abstract Hypothesis testing is an extremely crucial aspect of the scientific process, for without being able to prove a hypothesis a given theory can be considered an inaccurate hypothesis, or a failure. Therefore, the need to demonstrate the accuracy of a given hypothesis is crucial to proving the accuracy of the theory itself. This paper explains how this type of testing is applied to child development.
This paper compares Keynesian consumption theory and the more modern permanent income hypothesis by presenting the implications of the assumption that consumers are not myopic.
Abstract In this article, the writer studies J. M. Keynes' consumption theory, also known as the absolute income hypothesis, and the permanent income hypothesis, suggested by M. Friedman in the famous paper "A Theory of the Consumption Function". The writer starts with a brief overview of the Keynesian consumption theory and then continues with the explanation of the permanent income hypothesis (PIH). The writer maintains that the Keynesian consumption theory fails to provide a valid explanation of consumer behaviour in the sense that it does not incorporate rational expectations that sensible and generally forward-looking consumers make. The writer concludes that Friedman's permanent income hypothesis, therefore, becomes more plausible when it suggests that consumption tends to be smoothed out throughout time periods allowing for income fluctuations to occur and that consumption responds to permanent changes in permanent income rather than to temporary changes in actual income.
From the Paper "Clearly, the main weakness of the Keynes' theory is that it assumes that individuals are short-sighted because they observe their actual income only and ignore the potential future income (or lack of it). A more reasonable approach is to presume that consumers' behaviour is likely to be intelligent and forward-looking. In this case, current consumption decisions become highly dependent on the expectations about the future, i.e. future labour income, real interest rates or taxes. The model which incorporates these expectations is the permanent income hypothesis.
"The central idea behind the PIH model is that individuals form estimates of their ability to consume in the long run and then set current consumption to the appropriate fraction of that estimate in order to smooth out their consumption over periods even when their income may be subject to fluctuations."
Abstract This paper begins by explaining that the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is one of the most interesting and influential theories in the field of linguistics and anthropology. The idea that language actually forced people to think in different ways is both fascinating and controversial. The paper shows the ways that this hypothesis opens our understanding of the link between culture and knowledge. The paper includes direct quotes from the hypothesis which it then explains and expands upon.
From the Paper "The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis "postulated that language not only provided a means of communication but also shaped peoples" perceptions of the world? (McGee and Warms 2000: 370). The hypothesis drew heavily from the ideas and techniques used by linguists, with the methodological concepts developed by the Prague School of Linguistics in the 1920's providing valuable insights into the importance of understanding the conceptual frameworks formed by, and expressed through, the native language (McGee and Warms 2000: 369). The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis was the most influential anthropological adaptation of these linguistic principles, the hypothesis having an enormous impact on anthropology providing a methodological framework emphasising cultural and linguistic relativity, and influencing several schools of anthropological thought."
Abstract This paper will discuss Stephen C. Pepper's book "World Hypothesis" and seek to understand the premise of his four hypothesis that explain the world. The main elements discussed are: Formism, Mechanism, Contextualism and Organism and these will be expounded upon to reveal their meaning in the opinions of the author. Also, a contrast and comparison will be constructed to further enhance the understanding of this essay.
Abstract This paper examines looks at by James E Lovelock's Gaia hypothesis whose premise is that the entire planet evolves over time because of the interaction of living things with their surrounding environment. It describes the hypothesis in some detail and provides background information. This is followed by a discussion contrasting Lovelock's claims with those of his critics and proffers an approach toward reconciliation.
From the Paper "Earth's atmosphere is not in a state of chemical equilibrium. It is full of gases that have an affinity for each other. Oxygen, nitrogen, and methane exist in sizable quantities, and left to their own devices, would quickly interact to form a new atmosphere of inert gases, very much like Mars' atmosphere (Margulis and Lovelock, p. 13(2)). So the persistent presence of uncombined methane, nitrogen, and oxygen in the atmosphere is strong evidence that something is replenishing these gases as fast as they naturally interact."
Abstract This paper examines how in his fundamental work, "Biological Foundations of Language", the biolinguist Eric Lenneberg presents his critical period hypothesis on the idea that a certain age is appropriate for learning a language, so that it is impossible to achieve full competence before or after it. It attempts to demonstrate through the author's own survey how some teenagers are able to learn a foreign language and to talk accent-free, contrary to Lenneberg's hypothesis.
Outline
Introduction to the Critical Period Theory
When Does the Critical Period Start and Finish?
Russian Accent in Immigrants to Germany
Reference to Lenneberg
Conclusion
From the Paper "Lenneberg subdivides the ongoing process of lateralization into five levels: an infant up to 20 months has identical hemispheres without functional differences; a toddler up to 36 months develops a preference for either the right or the left hand, but the responsibility for language still can easily switch an other hemisphere; a child up to 10 years is still able to reactivate language functions in the right hemisphere; in the early puberty - up to 14 years - the equipotentiality rapidly declines, and after that it is lost completely. Lenneberg talks about a "reactivation", not "creation" of the language function in the right hemisphere."
Presents a detailed case study of the US Dollar and the Swedish Kronor to evaluate the purchase power parity (PPP) hypothesis including programming routines and algorithms examples in MATLAB, RATS and EVIEWS .
Abstract This paper explains that the purchasing power parity (PPP) hypothesis, which states that national price levels should be equal when expressed in a common currency, is one of the earliest and simplest models for exchange rate determination. The author compares the power purchasing parity between the US dollar and the Swedish Kronor using a variety of econometric approaches, which are describes in detail including formulas. The paper concludes that the PPP hypothesis holds in all nonlinear and cointegration estimations, but it does not hold in OLS and GARCH estimations.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Literature Review
Data
Summary Statistics
Unit Root and Stationary Tests
Power Purchasing Parity Tests
Linear Tests
Cointegration Tests
Panel Unit Root Tests
Long span Tests
Non-Linear Tests
Threshold Autoregressive Model (TAR)
Smoothing Transition Autoregressive Models (STAR)
Markov Two-Regime Switching Model
Conclusions
Appendix: Program Procedure Routine for TSAY Test of TAR Nonlinearities in winRATS 6.0
Appendix: Program Procedure Routine for AR(1)-TAR Estimation in winRATS 6.0
Appendix: Test for Linearity against ESTAR and LSTAR and Secification test between ESTAR and LSTAR Selection in winRATS 6.0
Appendix: Program Procedure Routine for AR(1)-LSTAR-GARCH(1,1) Estimation in Eviews 6.0
Appendix: Program Procedure Routine for AR(1)-LSTAR-OLS estimation in Eviews 6.0
Appendix: A Different Procedure Routine for AR(1)-ESTAR-OLS estimation in Eviews 6.0
Appendix: MATLAB Routines for Grid Search and STAR Estimation
Instructions
Appendix: MATLAB Routine for Grid Search on STAR Models
Appendix: MATLAB Routine for STAR Models Estimation with Various Methods
From the Paper "We observe that only returns of real and spot exchange rates are stationary in their levels, so they are I(0). All the other variables are I(1) and stationary in the first differences, except consumer price index of Sweden according to both tests, and producer price index of U.S.A. based on KPSS tests , while according to ADF test is I(1). Generally we reject the null hypothesis of stationarity, as the real exchange rates based on CPI and PPI are I(1), which means that the long-run PPP hypothesis doesn't hold for this set of currencies."
Abstract This paper details the background to the ?Overreaction Hypothesis? and places it in the context of studies in cognitive psychology. The paper also examines the extensive and disputed evidence as to the existence of an "overreaction effect" and whether the evidence is consistent with investor irrationality or can be explained by other factors. This methodology is primarily based on the original work of De Bondt and Thaler (1985).
From the Paper "The ability of financial markets to interpret information quickly and accurately has been the subject of considerable academic and professional debate for over thirty years. Initially, the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) was widely accepted and any dissenting opinion was considered heretical. General acceptance of the hypothesis lead to a fundamental change in professional investor behaviour away from active investment management and towards passive investment management."
Abstract This paper gives a thorough overview of the economic theory of Efficient Markets which states that prices of stocks and other securities fully reflect the information available to the investors in the market. The paper investigates why some finance professionals harshly oppose this system as it neglects the authenticity of fundamenetal or technical analysis. It shows that these professionals claim that if the assumptions of the theory were true, if investors traded their stocks in an efficient market, where prices are a reflection of available information, the buying and selling of securities would no more be considered as a business and it would become a matter of fortune to benefit from a sale or purchase of securities. The paper uses several stock market anomalies to show how the Efficient Market Hypothesis works.
From the Paper "From the above discussed stock market anomalies, it is evident that the future trends of securities and stocks are predictable to some extent. In some circumstances, the predictability of security prices is inconsistent with efficient market hypothesis. In addition to the above-mentioned anomalies, researchers have also pointed out some other inconsistencies in the capital markets, which bring the authenticity of EMH to doubt. For instance, researchers have found evidences of rise or fall in capital markets in certain specific periods, leading to the conclusion that the capital markets are subject to certain periodic or seasonal effects. Moreover, several studies have also revealed that the price to earning ratios of the firms has a very strong capability to predict future fall or rise in prices (Campbell and Sheller, 1988)."
