Abstract
This paper is on the topic of welfare, minorities and single mothers. The paper answers the question: Has the number of families and children receiving welfare increased or decreased in the last 5 years?

Abstract
This paper examines the enduring causes of poverty among single mothers in the United States. It discusses many of the social factors; including social stigma, paid work and parental time constraints, the cost of daycare and the perceived need for children to have a paternal input. It also details the governmental attempts to alleviate some of the problems and the differences in the problems faced by ethnic minority single mothers. The paper contains a lot of statistics and is well researched.

From the paper:

?They make the covers of news magazines and get to appear on the local news. We hear about them endlessly from public officials and during daytime talk shows. IN fact, if you were not careful you might begin to think that all of the problems in society today are caused by them.

"Single mothers.

But why should this group be so generally vilified? Why should so much blame for so many social ills be placed upon them? The answer is twofold. The first is that they violate conventional social ideals about what a family should be, which (even in our postmodern) age is still deeply imbued with ideas about the importance of a patriarchal figure. And, on a more pragmatic level, they require society to help them, for single mothers ? along with their children ? are in general amongst the poorest of Americans.?

Tags:politics, welfare, race, demographics

Abstract
This paper analyzes K. Harris' article "Work and Welfare among Single Mothers in Poverty," which examines the relationship between work and welfare for poor, female-headed families. The paper looks at the work that single mothers on welfare eventually do, if any, and discusses how Harris traces the ways that single mothers work their way off of welfare. The paper presents the results of Harris' research.

From the Paper
"In fact, Harris (1993) found significant labor market activity among her subjects. Two-thirds of all welfare exits occurred because of a work situation, challenging the assumption that these women do not work at the same time as they receive welfare. From a personal perspective, this is a refreshing point-of-view. No matter the cultural conception or the cited statistics, welfare recipients are simply not living in the proverbial lap of luxury. No state, as of the mid-1990s providing so much in the way of welfare benefits that would provide an income even close to the poverty level (Pollitt, 1996). Just for an individual to reach the poverty level would require finding work in addition to welfare benefits. I can empathize with this situation, coming from a family in which working full time did not necessarily mean that one could meet every bill, every time."

Tags:labor, market, benefits, poor

Abstract
According to Jo Goodwin Parker in her 1971 article, there is shame in being poor, and poverty is to be viewed with anger and not pity. This paper examines whether Parker's definition of poverty still has relevance today. The paper researches the plight of single mothers in America today and explains the major economic and social problems that are faced by them. Further, this work discusses the assistance available today that would have improved Parker's life in the seventies.
Paper Outline:
Statement of Thesis
Introduction
Overview of Poverty Statistics
1996 Welfare Reform
Social Issues of Poverty for Single Mothers
Summary and Conclusion
Bibliography

From the Paper
"The 1996 welfare reform "eliminated the federal guarantee of a basic income support for all families and replaced it with Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF)" TANF is a state-run program that combines requirements for work and sanctions for behavior that is nonconforming. There are 24-month limitations and a five-year maximum on receiving welfare under this program. Reportedly, only about one-half of the women forced to exit welfare assistance actually find employment."

Tags:TANF, population, unemployment, homeless

Abstract
This study examines the situation confronting African-American single mothers in efforts to move from welfare to work. The hypothesis tested in this study holds that variations in educational skills, health status and access to child-care affect the employment outlook for African-American single mothers and, therefore, the probability that they will be able to successfully move from welfare to work. The relationships between variations in educational skills, health status and access to child-care for African-American single mothers are discussed in this chapter in both conceptual and operational contexts. Additionally, the interactive effects of the independent variables on the dependent variable also are discussed.

From the Paper
"Health risks, as an independent variable, are operationalized as "high," "average," and "low," as indicated in Figure 3. The classifications of health risks for an African American single mother reflect a combination of the effects of personal health problems, the health problems of the dependent children of an African American single mother, and the health problems of other members of the household of an African American single mother for whose welfare the African American single mother is to some extent responsible."

Tags:dependence, government, education, children, young, childcare, employment, job, training

Abstract
The first major argument about single moms on TV was made by then-Vice President Dan Quayle who complained in a speech about the morality of "Murphy Brown" having a baby out of wedlock and raising it without a father. This paper shows that times have definitely changed since then, with more and more single mothers being portrayed in the American media as the norm. The paper mentions celebrities such as Reba McEntire and Shar Jackson and examines the public's perception of these women.

From the Paper
"Famous country music star, Reba McEntire, also stars in a self-titled sitcom as a single mom, divorced, raising three children, a son-in-law and a granddaughter. Obviously, with her audience appeal to a mostly conservative "country" audience, the acceptance of a single mom- even as a comedy series- takes on more meaning. Single moms, in other words, are no longer anathema, or struggling frustrated widows, sacrificing all for their families. They are real-life, next-door neighbors and are therefore accepted as "belonging" to mainstream America., Quite a change from just a generation or two ago, when the norm for a "family" was "Ozzie and Harriet and "Leave it to Beaver", or the mix-n-match family of "The Brady Bunch.""

Tags:Judging, Amy, welfare, motherhood, stereotype

Abstract
This paper reflects an analysis of the literature or peer reviewed articles that approach the subject of the low paid single mother. The issues that pertain to this such as the demographic, the effects on household including gender roles and children's identity are also analyzed in a sociological mindset. The problems extant in the system of welfare and the welfare to work programs are also examined as they pertain to the subject of the low paid working mother. Other sociological issues such as minor points in economics reviewed across the country and research inclusive of healthcare are given due consideration in the research presented in this paper.

Outline:
Abstract
Presentation of the Problem
Description of the Method
Results/Findings
Discussion
Conclusion
Personal Research Journal
Methodological Commentary

From the Paper
" In conclusion it may be stated that the low paid working mother does not have, according to the presented research, a detrimental prescience towards lower cognition in their children. In fact the aspect of a dependable job heightens structure within the dynamic of the home. It must also be pointed out however that low paid mothers also have to face less support from the government because a wage earning mother is not applicable for assistance like a welfare mother. It seems that the working mother, in her role as mother and employee has a lot to maintain and little aid in maintenance."

Tags:wellbeing, children, family, job

Abstract
This paper addresses the "welfare mother" myth, as well as the social factors that have contributed to women being forced to function in the role of the unwed mother. In doing so, this paper demonstrates that unwed mothers are victims of a situation that is completely out of their control and are not provided the aid that they need to get out of this situation because they have been vilified in the press.

Abstract
The paper looks at how the article by Jencks, Winship, and Swingle (2006) defines the greater details of the way that TANF aid to single mothers becomes diluted and becomes a problem for poverty through illegal sources of income or their immigrant status as workers in the United States para.12). The paper discusses how the standard of living is also taken into account for single mothers, as they often reported that they could not make ends meet, even with the financial assistance that is regulated through even the poorest of recipients.

From the Paper
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Tags:law, reform, welfare

Abstract
This study examines the situation confronting African American single mothers in efforts to move from welfare to work. The hypothesis tested in this study holds that variations in educational skills, health status, and access to child-care affect the employment outlook for African American single mothers and, therefore, the probability that they will be able to successfully move from welfare to work. Social learning theory and theories based in social learning were reviewed and applied to the research concept for this study.

From the Paper
"Social cognitive theory, thus, identifies two factors as primary determinants underlying the initiation and persistence of an adaptive behavior. First, the person must have self-efficacy with respect to the behavior. That is, the person must believe that he or she has the capability to perform the behavior in question under a number of different circumstances. Second, one must have some incentive to perform the behavior. More specifically, the expected positive outcomes of performing the behavior must outweigh the expected negative outcomes."

Tags:employment, social, workplace, childcare, education, skills, child