Abstract
In this article the writer notes that in the early 21st century, the mega cities of the developing world are facing an unprecedented series of environmental pressures. These are all ultimately due to the rapidly accelerating growth and development of such urban areas, whose immense populations and industries are negatively impacting local and regional environments on a significant scale. The writer argues that, while the poor of these cities face many challenges as a result of development - from poor nutrition to poor sanitation, air pollution and housing crises, the unsafe water supplies of these cities is the most urgent problem that they face.

From the Paper
"Scholars studying the issue of safe water supplies in the mega cities of the developing world agree that the nature of this development problem is shaped by its context. In this regard, there are two primary factors that we must consider. First, the development of the mega cities of the developing world is radically different than the development of mega cities in the developed world as in the latter case development was gradual, while in the former it is accelerated. Thus, while cities such as New York had a century to develop water systems to cope with growth, the cities of the developing world have had only a generation. Consider, for example, the fact that the population of Mexico City in 1950 was 3.1 million, and a generation later, in 1980, was 13.4 million. The second primary factor is that while in the developed world mega cities their economies grew in close parallel to the growth of the cities' populations, in the developing world this connection is far more uncertain."

Tags:growth, population, drinking, services

Abstract
Although the United States has one of the safest public water supplies in the world, it needs ongoing protection from both naturally-occurring and man-made contaminants. This paper discusses the public health history and current issues in water safety. The paper looks at what caused the United States to set standards for its public water supply, as well as the laws and statutes which were formulated. The paper also examines what the future holds and whether the United States' water supply is as safe as we think it is.

From the Paper
"In March of 2001, the Bush Administration suspended the 1996 Amendments to the SWDA. They rejected the arsenic safety standards. In a highly controversial situation, after severe public heat and political backlash, in October 2001, the Bush Administration finally conceded to the 10 ppb value. However, during the suspension, the administration required new studies to be carried out, suggesting the earlier research was inadequate. As Senator Barbara Boxer (D-CA) stated, "It came back and bit them in the arsenic." In September 2001, studies by the National Academy of Sciences completed their new studies on arsenic exposure. Their new study stated that even 10 ppb is too high and recommended lowering the standard to 3 ppb in order to protect the public health."

Tags:bush, chlorine, SWDA

Abstract
This paper describes how in the 21st century, the megacities of the developing world are facing an unprecedented series of environmental pressures, particularly in relation to water supply. These are all ultimately due to the rapidly accelerating growth and development of these urban areas, whose immense populations and industries are negatively impacting local and regional environments on a significant scale. While the poor of these cities face many challenges as a result of development - from poor nutrition to poor sanitation, air pollution and housing crises - this essay will argue that the unsafe water supplies of these cities is the most urgent problem their poorer populations face.

From the Paper
"World In the early 21st century, the megacities of the developing world are facing an unprecedented series of environmental pressures. These are all ultimately due to the rapidly accelerating growth and development of these urban areas, whose immense populations and industries are negatively impacting local and regional environments on a significant scale. While the poor of these cities face many challenges as a result of development - from poor nutrition to poor sanitation, air pollution and housing crises - this essay will argue that the unsafe water supplies of these cities is..."

Tags:water, cities, safety

Abstract
"Las Colonias" are comprised of Mexican immigrants whose dreams were shattered when they realized the promise of the "American Dream" was merely a myth. This paper looks at the hazards of the drinking water in this region, and the government's policy in treating this problem. It analyzes whether the treatment is different because it is aimed at an immigrant population group.

From the Paper
"When we speak of Third World countries, the vision that comes to mind is usually that of impoverished, yet geographically distant communities, which are a supplemental concern to issues in our own country. However within the United States, Third World conditions exist that affect not only the indigent communities, but the surrounding communities as well. One of the most notable of these is the area along the U.S.-Mexican border known as "Las Colonias.""

Tags:border, drinking, hazard, latinos, mexicans, poverty, safety, texas, water

Abstract
The paper relates that New York state offers an eight-hour classroom course on boating safety, open to all ages, including as young as 10, in order to receive a certificate for operating a boat in New York waters. This paper covers the experiences of the writer in such a course and the benefits accrued for future use in water safety and respect for others.

From the Paper
"Boating, whether in a power boat or a sail boat, somehow looks easy. It is not. And, taking the required course provides one with insight that it really requires two important qualities in order to pass the course and be a successful power boater: maturity and focus on safety. New York State provided an eight-hour course which included classroom instruction. It was easy to register by phone, and there were a number of locations convenient for my attendance. Among the requirements was one of age. In New York State, a safety certificate is required for everyone 14 and older. There were a couple of high school aged boys in my class."

Tags:boating, safety, respect

Abstract
The paper examines Toronto and Seoul, South Korea and their air pollution problems as a result of growth and development in their respective countries. The paper explains that the main source of air pollution is cars and trucks. The paper also discusses how Toronto has emphasized public transit as a solution, while the government of Seoul has emphasized new technologies and the development of new methods of public transportation.

Outline:
Introduction
Toronto
Seoul

From the Paper
"The city of Toronto, with a population of 2.4 million people, lies at the heart of the Greater Toronto Area; an urban region with a total population of 4.6 million people. When environmental scientists and geographers discuss environmental questions for Toronto it is often necessary to take into consideration the megacity as a whole for issues of pollution and environmental impact are felt region-wide in such a sprawling urban environment. Indeed, as was noted in the urban cross-section that was conducted which compared and contrasted two urban forms in Toronto, the phenomenon of urban sprawl is a primary characteristic of the urban forms in Toronto. Moreover, transportation infrastructures were identified as key determinants of the urban forms in both the northern Toronto and downtown core areas, with the primary difference being the increased role of public transit in the downtown core."

Tags:transit, transportation, technology, emissions, pollutants

Abstract
This paper discusses the problem of water pollution and its effects on the economy and personal lives of China's citizens. In particular, the paper focuses on the water pollution problem in the city of Shenzhen in the Guangdong province. The paper explains how the process of urbanization has contributed to the water pollution problem, looks at how water pollution can undermine an entire city by affecting the economy, environment, and people of the area and discusses what will happen if the problem is not addressed as well as what measures can be undertaken to reduce the amount of water pollution in the region.

Table of Contents
Introduction
The City of Zhenzhen
The Problem
Polluted Water Sources
Causes of Water Pollution
Outlooks
Conclusion

From the Paper
"In China, urbanization has been occurring at a rapid pace; in the year 1986 China's state council officially designated 29 new cities. This addition of new cities, many located in rural areas away from the largest metropolitan areas of China has resulted in major urbanization of the country in the last thirty years. The province of Guandong is undergoing major growth and change; the city of Shenzhen is one example of this rapid growth."

Tags:increasing, contact, interconnection, betweenurban, non-urban, society, metropolitan

Abstract
This paper focuses on the use of water in the ancient Roman city of Pompeii. The paper explains that the use of pressurized water supplied by the aqueduct system played a vital role in everyday life in ancient Pompeii. Prior to the installation of the aqueduct in 27 BCE, the paper notes, Pompeii's water supply came from a system of wells and cisterns. The paper adds that the nature of this system meant that disease was fairly common, as the stagnant water was a breeding ground for mosquitoes carrying malaria and tuberculosis. The paper mentions three main water uses - everyday use by ordinary Pompeians; the decoration and embellishment of private homes; and public use in the baths. The paper discusses the use of water as a luxury item, as the presence of a private water supply was a very high status symbol. The paper adds that the public baths provided a central gathering point for socialization and business, as well as an important source of revenue for the city. The paper concludes that water was a large part of daily life for everyone in Pompeii. This paper contains illustrative figures.

From the Paper
"Pompeii was connected to the Serino branch of the Campanian aqueduct system in 27 BCE. Laurence suggests "either that something was fundamentally wrong with the water supply from wells or that there was a new demand for good quality water" (Laurence 1994: 44). The aqueduct carried clean water from the mountains. (fig. 1) Water was collected and distributed from the castellum aquae at the highest point in Pompeii. Lead pipes were used to transport the water to its destination within the town. The pressure exerted by this system was great enough that it in fact needed to be alleviated at certain points by the use of water towers which served a duel role of easing the load on the pipes and acting as a reservoir to hold a surplus supply of water. There were three main diversions from the castellum aquae. The largest was for the supply of public fountains and pools from which the citizens of Pompeii could gather water for their daily needs. A second division was for the provision of water to the public baths, which were important because they provided the town with revenue. The final division was devoted to supplying pressurized water to private homes. This division fits with Vitruvius' directions on how it should be done (Laurence 1994: 44)."

Tags:fountain, Rome, aquaduct, bath, public, ornamental, luxury

Abstract
In this article, the writer addresses the issue of drinking water and whether it is safe. Most physicians suggest drinking six to eight glasses of water a day. The writer maintains that it is important to look at how the environment can affect one's drinking water, what needs to be done to prevent bacteria, and what individuals can do to help the community concerning safe drinking water. The paper discusses how it is not only Vancouver's responsibility to make drinking water safe, but individuals can help.

From the Paper
"Should citizens in Vancouver, Canada, be concerned about their drinking water? Does the drinking water that people drink have coliforms, Giardia, Cryptosporidium or other types of bacteria in it? Does the environment in Canada affect the drinking water? Should people be concerned about their drinking water and are there steps to being assured that the drinking water is free of bacteria? These are important questions considering the fact that one of the main liquids a person should be drinking is water."

Tags:water, bacteria, safe

Abstract
This environmental paper examines the San Diego-Tijuana water epidemic. The author presents the history and current factors involved in the problem: contamination and drought. It highlights the political issues involved in environmental city management for these Mexican and American border cities.

From the Paper
"In recent decades the world has come to realize that the earth's resources are not comprised of a bottomless pit. It has been acknowledged that there are resources that are threatening to run out or contaminate so that they can no longer be useful to mankind. One of the most important resources the world has is the water supply. "

Tags:environment, earth's, resources, water, supply, contamination, mexico, usa, united, states, america, contamination, political, drought, environmental, city, management