Abstract The paper discusses the fact that polluting of water, regardless of the source whether from industry, agriculture or household, ultimately finds its way into the environment, causing substantial damage to health and to the environment. The paper relates that air pollution is responsible for premature deaths and includes pollution from road transport, industrial sources, forest and agricultural fires.
Outline:
Effects of Air and WaterPollution and Its Relation to Environmental Laws
Climate Change
Environmental and Emission Laws
Future Trends of Air and WaterPollution Analysis of Future Trends
From the Paper "Figures of WHO reveals that air pollution is responsible for 8,00,000 premature deaths from lung cancer, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases apart from the rising incidence of chronic bronchitis, severe respiratory illness, asthma, heart ailment and damage of lung function. The bulk of this pollution includes road transport, stationary combustion sources such as coal burning in households, industrial sources, incinerators and waste disposals, fossil fuels power plants and also non-combustion sources such as construction, quarrying and mining and lot of other sources such as forest and agricultural fires. The principal pollutants seen in the air we breathe covers particulate matter, PAHs, lead, ground level ozone, heavy metals, sulphur dioxide, benzene, carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxides."
Abstract This paper discusses the problem of waterpollution and its effects on the economy and personal lives of China's citizens. In particular, the paper focuses on the waterpollution problem in the city of Shenzhen in the Guangdong province. The paper explains how the process of urbanization has contributed to the waterpollution problem, looks at how waterpollution can undermine an entire city by affecting the economy, environment, and people of the area and discusses what will happen if the problem is not addressed as well as what measures can be undertaken to reduce the amount of waterpollution in the region.
Table of Contents
Introduction
The City of Zhenzhen
The Problem
PollutedWater Sources
Causes of WaterPollution Outlooks
Conclusion
From the Paper "In China, urbanization has been occurring at a rapid pace; in the year 1986 China's state council officially designated 29 new cities. This addition of new cities, many located in rural areas away from the largest metropolitan areas of China has resulted in major urbanization of the country in the last thirty years. The province of Guandong is undergoing major growth and change; the city of Shenzhen is one example of this rapid growth."
Abstract This paper examines waterpollution, the adverse effects of added materials to a body of water and the effect it has on the environment. It analyzes how the impact of waterpollution can be observed altering all living things in the world, most notably human life and how certain measures can be taken to prevent further destruction and reverse damage already done. It outlines the main causes of waterpollution such as petroleum contaminants and natural sediment and looks at the dangers posed to humans by certain main pollutants.
From the Paper "There are two main ways in which water can be polluted: point sources and non-point sources. Points sources of water pollution occur when harmful materials are disposed of directly into a body of water. Non-point sources of water pollution occur when harmful substances are indirectly disposed of into a body of water (MacMillan, 1982). Examples of non-point sources are septic fields leaking into waterways, or pesticides from a crop being carried into a waterway with precipitation (MacMillan, 1982). Non-point sources are much more difficult to monitor and control than point sources. There are many types of contaminants that pollute waterways. For the most part, water pollution is made up of organic matter (eroded soil, branches, grass clippings, farming waste)(Britannica, 2001). "
Abstract This paper begins by defining waterpollution. It explains that there are three main types - those of a chemical nature, biological nature, and physical materials that degrade water quality. Each of these three types are classified into five main categories of waterpollution. The paper then explain how each of these classifications has its own set of problems and hazards and specifies its solutions.
From the Paper "Comprising over seventy percent of the Earth's surface, water is undeniably the most valuable natural resource. Life on Earth would be non-existent without water; it is essential for everything on our planet to grow. All organisms contain water; some live in it; some drink it. Plants and animals require water that is pure, and they cannot survive if their water is loaded with toxic chemicals or harmful microorganisms. Yet even though humans recognize this fact, the population has disregarded it by polluting the rivers, lakes, and oceans of the world. Consequently, we are harming our planet. In addition to organisms vanishing due to lack of non-polluted water, the drinking water has become greatly affected, as has the population's ability to use water for farming and recreational purposes. In order to combat water pollution, we must understand the causes of water pollution, and ways in which water pollution can be prevented."
Abstract This paper explains that there are are two major types of waterpollution treatment: physical and chemical. The paper goes on to explain the various methods of physical treatment, including filtration and air- or steam-stripping. Chemical treatments are for killing microbes in the case of bacterial pollution, but they may be used for altering the chemical makeup of the water to render it less harmful in the case of chemical pollution.
Contents
Three Major Problems
Sediments
From the Paper "Chemical treatments, generally, are for killing microbes in the case of bacterial pollution, but they may be used for altering the chemical makeup of the water to render it less harmful in the case of chemical pollution. Often, this sort of treatment is used to remove metal compounds from the water. Various materials such as dissolved iron or aluminum salts may be added to help the material to be removed either float or settle, again, depending on how it is to be ultimately removed.
Often, organic chemicals in water can be chemically destroyed by adding ozone or hydrogen peroxide. The ozone may also kill harmful bacterial, or chlorine may be added to do this. But of course, excess chlorine itself is harmful to aquatic life, so sulfur dioxide may then need to be added to make the "pure" water safe for discharge. Finally, chemicals may be added to water in a treatment system to help create thicker "sludge" so that the remaining water may be more easily removed."
Abstract This paper discusses the serious environmental hazard of waterpollution. The paper contends that the waterways and oceans of the world have been seen as an easy dumping ground for refuse and waste. This includes pollution from raw sewage and oil spills. Ocean and river pollution has increased in line with industrial human development, with more toxic wastes being dumped in water than ever before. The paper claims that marine life and fishing stock in many oceans is being negatively affected.
From the Paper "Water is the most precious environmental asset and natural resource on earth. Approximately seventy percent of the earth's surface is covered by water and it affects every facet of life and ecology. However, despite this obvious and crucial fact, many rivers, lakes and oceans are becoming increasingly more polluted, creating a serious ecological and environmental problem. Not only is pollution the cause of the death of many organisms essential to ecological balance, but human drinking water has also been affected. This is particularly relevant with regard to the spread of disease. " Estimates suggest that nearly 1.5 billion people lack safe drinking water and that at least 5 million deaths per year can be attributed to waterborne diseases." (Krantz D. and Kifferstein, B. )"
Abstract This paper looks at Vietnam's severe environmental problems which generally relate in some way to water and waterpollution; regional differences. It discusses an impeding population boom in a still agrarian society with 80% of disease and much child mortality as water related. It also looks at how progress has been made in the goal of providing potable water and the need for strong public education and enforcement of laws as well as non-water generated hydro as energy.
From the Paper "Like many developing countries, Vietnam's industrialization occurred with little regard for its environmental impact, a mistake been many times, in both socialist and capitalist development that is too focused on Modernization (Coxhead & Jayasuriya, 2004, 12). Industrial development without concern for its environmental impact created near-emergency conditions in Vietnam. Environmentalism, including much attention to water pollution, has had to be stressed ahead of much else, in Vietnam's development plan for the next 20 years. "
Abstract The main points in this paper are to identify the sources of waterpollution and reveal the effect on surrounding environments. The author looks at industrial impacts on waterpollution and examines what the future might look like if these are not tackled.
From the Paper "The end is just around the corner for many fish species due to water pollution. Water pollution is a dilemma that needs to be taken care of soon. Polluting of streams, ponds and lakes is leading to definite problems with fish populations. Most people don?t even realize the things they do everyday that contributes to water pollution. A plethora of daily activities, like driving, walking the dog and washing clothes, are the reasons that most of our freshwater resources are contaminated."
Abstract This paper examines the different causes of waterpollution. The author finds that waterpollution has not only a negative effect on fishermen's life but also on everything that is related to it, such as species of fish and other sea life that are killed or are forced to move. Furthermore, fishing and other activities that take place along the seashores are affected. It is damaging all the jetties and sea life that live off the dockside and ruins fishing for fisherman.
From the Paper "Furthermore, due to the water pollution death fishes are poisoned and killed as a result that could be seen floating in the creeks. The fishermen thus, then complain wherever such a situation occur the fish population is forced into the Atlantic Ocean into deep water and are therefore depleted, which as a result takes six to eight months or may be more for them to restart normal fishing occupation. And so what is meant is that the fishermen and its family starve and cut off from their occupation for a longer period of time (Macdonald. 1998) ."
Abstract This research paper explores the implications of rapid industrial and urban growth in the Guangdong Province of China. According to the paper, there are environmental consequences of industrialization. The paper focuses on water contamination, garbage disposal and air pollution and reviews government plans to improve the situation.
Outline:
Contaminated Drinking Water: WaterPollution Garbage Disposal
Toxic Fumes and Unclean Air Due to Air Pollution Conclusion
From the Paper "Because much of Guangdong relies on the Pearl River and Pearl River delta for water, the Xijiang, Beijiang, Dongjiang, Hanjiang, Rongjiang and Moyangjiang Rivers that combine to form the Pearl River, are equally as important. Since residents of Guangdong rely heavily on these rivers, the cleanliness of the water is extremely vital to their well-being. However, the scarcity of clean water remains a great problem here for many rural residents. The lack of clean water leads to a shortage of clean drinking water. This is a significant problem because a large amount of the water consumed by the general public is dirty water.This problem exists due to a couple of reasons. It is important to understand the source of the problem. Therefore, the main question is how is the water contaminated? "
Abstract This paper studies the connection between agriculturally-based land pollution, such as from herbicides and pesticides, and contaminated water. The paper presents research studies and statistics that indicate that this is the most significant and damaging source of waterpollution. The paper also looks at the impact of water diversion through damning for irrigation projects. The paper concludes by discussing the international ramifications of land-based waterpollution.
From the Paper "Rachel Carson, in her landmark book "Silent Spring" was the first to discover the pollution and contamination of land as well as water by insecticides. These chemicals are absorbed in the earth, and then run off into water- lakes or rivers and streams, and eventually into the oceans. The most recent catastrophe on Chesapeake Bay which contaminated almost the entire shrimp and scallop crop was presumed to have been caused by a chemical spill which began a "fouling" process that was like a fatal domino effect. From the pristine water, of the Bay it then ran off into nearby farmland, not only damaging crops, but also polluting one of the largest poultry producing areas in the country."
Abstract This paper examines how the Delaware River is currently being polluted from industries along its banks and from runoff from rainwater and how, although it is cleaner than it has been in years, the fish from it are still unsafe to eat due to high levels of PCBs in the water. It looks at how, although efforts are currently underway to reduce the amounts of pollutants in the river, oil spills like the one that recently occurred, undermine these efforts and kill or sicken large numbers of wildlife in the area.
From the Paper "Although the executive director of the "Delaware River Basin Commission (DRBC) stated that the Delaware River in 2003 is the cleanest it has been in decades, the presence of PCBs remains a problem (Unknown, Newswire)." The high amount of PCBs in the river have forced states to issue warnings about consuming fish from the river due to the detection of high amounts of PCBs in their tissues. The DRBC hopes to eventually eliminate these warnings by finding ways to lower the amounts of PCBs in the river. They are currently working with "Pennsylvania, Delaware, New Jersey, and the EPA to develop the technical basis for four TMDLs to address four different water quality zones in the river's tidal reach, the 85-mile stretch from Trenton, N.J., downstream to the head of the Delaware Bay, and near Liston Point, Delaware (Unknown, Newswire).""
Abstract This paper looks at climate and topographical factors that have contributed to and intensified air pollution in Los Angelse, as well as those that have helped reduce it. Also discussed are the sources of waterpollution in Los Angeles, as well as how both air pollution and waterpollution adversely affect the people and environment of the city, both physically and economically.
From the Paper "Pollution in the giant and sprawling American metropolis of Los Angeles is nothing new. As a 1997 article marking the fiftieth anniversary of smog and pollutant cleanup efforts in the city notes, this problem started well at the beginning of the twentieth century. "Los Angeles suffered from smog well before World War II," states the article. "Industrial smoke and fumes were so thick during one day in 1903 that residents mistook it for an eclipse of the sun" ("Southland's War," 1997a). It was the city finally tiring of this ongoing pollution just after said world war that forced its residents, planners, and movers and shakers to investigate the problem and attempt to remedy it. This paper shall look at climate and topographical factors that have contributed to and intensified air pollution, as well as those that have helped reduce it."
Abstract This paper explains that the direct application of gaseous chlorine from pressurized steel containers is generally the most economical method for disinfecting large volumes of water. The author points out the types and sources of waterpollution extend far beyond the ability of this single treatment process; therefore, American consumers should be aware that additional pollutants may continue to be present in their drinking water despite the best efforts of water treatment experts to make it safe. The paper suggests that taste or odor problems can be minimized through proper dosages of chlorine at the treatment plant with a residual concentration maintained throughout the distribution system to ensure a safe level at the points of use.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Review and Analysis
Background and Overview
Current Applications
Conclusion
From the Paper "Healthcare practitioners have long recognized that small amounts of toxic substances can sometimes have beneficial effects for humans, and this would seem to be the case with chlorine as well. As a chemical, chlorine is a toxic, corrosive, greenish yellow gas that is irritating to the eyes and respiratory system; it is two and a half times heavier than air. The substance becomes a liquid at -34C (-29F) and was first prepared from hydrochloric acid and manganese dioxide in 1774 by Carl Wilhelm Scheele; chlorine was widely regarded as a compound until research by Sir Humphry Davy showed (1810) that it cannot be decomposed and that muriatic (hydrochloric) acid is comprised of hydrogen and another true element that he named chlorine."
Abstract The paper lists the many sources of pollutants that can effect water, from chemicals to sediment from surrounding soil deposits. The writer then looks at the ways in which people are responsible for such pollutants. The paper concludes with a study of how scientists and government lobbyists are attempting to ameliorate the problem.
From the Paper "Heat may also be considered a pollutant when increased temperatures in bodies of water result from the discharge of cooling water by factories and power plants. Although heat seems as if it would be relatively innocuous ? since heat will of course be dissipated from any body of water that it enters relatively quickly, and then further dissipated from the local atmosphere into the larger air basin. However, it must be remembered that raising the temperature of water depletes the oxygen available in it (heated oxygen molecules become excited and "gas out" of the liquid) and water that has a low-oxygen content is as deadly to aquatic creatures as a garage full of carbon monoxide is to a human. Aquatic animals suffering from the effects of thermal pollution may die, and their decomposing bodies will add to the pollutant levels of the body of water."
