Abstract
This paper explains that the New York City water system delivers drinking water to more than 8 million city residents plus 1 million consumers in other counties and then returns the used water into the New York's extensive wastewater treatment system. The author points out that the Metropolitan Sewerage commission was created in 1904 after the discovery of the link between waterborne bacteria and human disease. The paper relates that one of the leading challenges and causes of wastewater collection system blockages is FOG---fats, oil and grease. The author relates that solutions counteracting FOG are large monetary penalties requiring the polluter to appear in court every time a fine is issued, helping businesses comply with regulations and installing grease interceptors. The paper includes a figure.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
History and Overview of New York City's Wastewater Treatment System
FOG: A Primary Challenge to New York City's Wastewater Treatment System Faces
Solutions to FOG
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Grease interceptors are used to prevent FOG materials from entering and clogging the sewer lines. All City business that dispose of grease, fats or oil should have a grease interceptor installed, including: restaurants, hospitals, day cares, senior centers, nursing homes, and other food handling operations. The interceptor works by separating the grease and oils from the wastewater. FOG laden wastewater enters the interceptor and passes through a vented flow control fitting that regulates the flow of the wastewater."

Tags:grease, interceptors, link, pollutants, hypochlorite

Abstract
This paper illustrates the issues of large urban port cities as seen in Dublin and New York City. The paper provides an in-depth history of each city and compares the social issues of the urban environment, ethnic diversity, poverty and crime.

From the Paper
"New York City is generally considered the doorway to America. It is the largest city in the nation, seven million strong, and a main hub of financial activity. This is probably the most racially and ethnically diverse of the large American cities, the epitome of the melting pot. A third of the population is of African descent, fifteen percent are Jewish, twelve percent Hispanic. Other ethnic populations have a vocal presence, including the Irish, Italian, Chinese, Korean, Indian, and other Asians. If one city has represent urban America over the last 200 years, it would be the harbor city of New York, New York.

" Across the Atlantic ocean lies another city, a little farther from the ocean, though not much. It is the "fair city" of Dublin, that capitol of the Republic of Ireland. This is a fairly heterogeneous city, for it is the center of 4,000 year old struggle for cultural sanctity and independence. The vast majority of the citizens are Irish or British nationals, Christian and white. Most are Roman Catholic, and the largest "minority" are the British Protestants. One fourth of the citizens of Ireland, approximately 900,000 souls all told, now live in Dublin and its suburbs, and its name is becoming synonymous with Irish culture and tradition."

Tags:dublin, new, york, city, urban, city, cities, port, social, issue, environemnt, ethnic, diversity, poverty, crime

Abstract
This paper discusses how early Italian immigrants to New York City formed a counterculture exemplified by the Mafia and growing from poverty and rejection.

From the Paper
"New York City has historically been a recipient of large numbers of immigrants which set the stage for the development of the Italian counterculture. In half of the nation's immigrant population resided in only three states-New York Pennsylvania and Ohio and of these the state of New York harbored ..."

Tags:Italian, Mafia, New York City, immigrant, history, poverty, crime, counterculture

Abstract
The paper discusses the issue of curfew, its practice around the U.S. and whether New York City should implement a youth curfew. The paper's final analysis endorses the idea of a curfew as one step in preventing an increase in juvenile crime.

From the Paper
"Curfew Laws for New York City: Argument in Favor of a Curfew Law in New York City. Curfew laws are regulations which specify the hours that certain age groups must remain off public sidewalks and streets or in other public spaces. Most, but not all American cities, have some type of curfew laws in place. Such laws are generally intended to keep juveniles off the streets during certain hours, generally late evening and early morning, for their own protection and to prevent or retard juvenile crime."

Tags:curfews, New York City, juvenile crime

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that New York City has one of the country's most extensive waste water treatment systems in the country. The writer examines the City's waste water treatment system, discusses one significant challenge the system faces, and highlights possible solutions.

From the Paper
"This incredible network system consists of more than 6,000 mils of sewer pipe, 135,000 sewer catch basins, 494 permitted outfalls for the discharge of combined sewer overflows and storm water, and 93 waste water pumping stations that transport waste water to 14 treatment plants located in five boroughs. This paper will over ..."

Tags:new, york, waste, water

Abstract
This paper examines the history of ballet from 15th century Italy until present day. It then looks at the history of BalletNY, formerly DanceGalaxy and founded in 1997 by former New York City Ballet Principal Ballerina Judith Fugate and international guest artist, Medhi Bahiri.

Paper Outline:
Introduction
Humble Beginnings
The Emergence of Ballet
Opera Ballet
Liberation Ballerina
Social Change
A Decline In Interest
The New York City Ballet and BalletNY: Full Circle
Bibliography

From the Paper
"Judith Fugate is a former principal ballerina with the New York City Ballet. She has danced roles in virtually every ballet in the NYCB repertoire counting Peter Martins and Mikhail Baryshnikov among her many famous partners. In 1997, she left the New York City Ballet Company to purse a career as a freelance Guest Artist and Co-Artistic Director of what is now known as BalletNY. In addition to touring extensively, Fugate has appeared on "Live from Lincoln Center" with Ray Charles in Peter Martin's "A Fool for You", and in the Metropolitan Opera's production of "La Traviata", conducted by Placido Domingo."

Tags:ballet, city, york

Abstract
The paper relates that Robert Caro's book, "The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall ofnew York City", details Moses' personality and dealings with the political structure that allowed his meteoric rise and subsequent impact on New York and the nation as a whole. The paper then goes on to discuss the main points of Moses' life as chronicled in the book.

From the Paper
" Following Moses' rise from his early years to the age of 80, when he finally lost all power, Caro thoroughly dissects this developer, showing all his defects of arrogance, vanity, racism, scheming, egomania, and ruthlessness. Yet, this man, writes Caro, was the only one able at that time to mold New York. In the mid-twentieth century, notes Caro, (5) it was well known that the city was "ungovernable." Since the governmental powers had mostly devolved to its mayor, no political entity could govern the city or do more than "merely stay afloat in the maelstrom that had engulfed the vast metropolis"

Tags:arrogance, vanity, racism, scheming, egomania, ruthlessness, New, York

Abstract
This paper offers a final report on a plan to build a computerized system to operate a wastewater treatment plant to make the plant for efficient and to reduce costs to the city that operates it.

Abstract
This paper explains that, when Giuliani became mayor, New York was a crime ridden, welfare city, an undesirable place to live and especially to visit; however, by the time, he finished his second term, New York City was a very different place. The author points out that, to build the tourism industry, Giuliani changed the bureaucratic New York City Travel and Visitors Bureau to the marketing organization, NYC & Company, which knew how to target an audience and highlight the city's most sellable asset; its unique diversity found nowhere else. The paper stresses that the way Mayor Giuliani responded to the World Trade Towers bombing not only proves that a city can recover from such an incident but also even the travel and tourism industry can come back bigger and better.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Biographical Sketch of Rudy Giuliani
Rudy Giuliani: Crime Fighter and Reformer
The Rebirth of New York City Travel and Tourism
The World Trade Tower Bombings and New York City's Rebound
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Giuliani focused on the private economy as a driver of opportunity. He urged New Yorkers to take responsibility for their lives and for their well-being. He felt that the state should provide basic services, but that is all. The opportunities for prosperity rest on the shoulders of the people, not the state, according to Giuliani. This attitude shifted responsibility to the private citizens. It helped to instill a sense of pride and self-determination. This was the key factor in the ability to turn around the ailing city."

Tags:patriotic, marketing, crime, 9/11, diveristy

Abstract
This paper reports that, in 2004, New York City set a record when the number of homeless New Yorkers residing in shelters reached the highest point in the city's history. The author points out that 90 percent of homeless New Yorkers are black or Latino, even though only 53 percent of New York City's total population is black or Latino; moreover, over 60 percent of homeless families previously lived in four of New York City's poorest neighborhoods, and over half of the homeless mothers have a history of domestic violence. This paper concludes that it will take years of dedication and focus for New York City to ease the problem of homelessness by creating not only adequate permanent housing for the homeless, which actually will cost less than the present shelter and other emergency care programs, but also available services for those suffering from mental illness and substance abuse.

From the Paper
"According to the Coalition for the Homeless, in the month of August 2004, some 36,400 homeless men, women, and children were sleeping each night in the New York City shelter system, including 15,300 children, 12,700 adult family members, and 8,400 single adults, with many thousands more sleeping on city streets, park benches, and subway trains. New York City's homeless shelter population has increased by 73 percent since 1998, from 21,000 to the current 36,400. The past six years has seen the number of homeless families sleeping in New York City shelters and welfare hotels increase by 99 percent, from 4,429 families in January 1998 to 8,726 families in August 2004. Moreover, the average stay for homeless families in the municipal shelter system has almost doubled over the past decade, from six months in 1992, to nearly twelve months today."

Tags:houses, record, violence, mental, drugs