Abstract
In this article, the writer examines the practices of waste management in Canada. The writer points out that the shift in thinking from dumping or burning garbage to its management as a resource of waste materials indicates the depth as well as the flaws in the attempts to solve "the garbage crisis". The writer looks at the two dominant methods of waste disposal used in Canada today that are incineration and landfill. The writer examines the dangers and costs of these methods.

From the Paper
"Canada's most populated province (32,805,041) cannot handle its garbage; landfills are full, and two regions are planning to return to the pollution of incineration. "The two dominant methods of waste disposal used in Canada today...incineration and landfill" are the same ones used in the 20th century. They both coexist in a noxious cycle. Burning waste in municipal incinerators releases "acid gases", carbon dioxide and toxic chemicals [like dioxin, a by-product of combustion] that must be treated with expensive air pollution control equipment to avoid contributing to acid rain, ozone depletion, and air pollution. It also leaves a residue of ash, which in turn needs to be buried in the landfill or, if toxic, at a hazardous waste facility. Landfill sites develop their own types of wastes. Leachate is a toxic liquid produced by the decomposing garbage, which also emits two greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide and methane; methane is invisible, odorless and extremely flammable. It is especially dangerous because it may ..."

Tags:integrated, waste, management

Abstract
This paper discusses some of the problems and solutions to Canada's garbage and full landfill issues. It looks at the 3 R's of necessary alternatives - reduction of waste at its source, re-usability and recycling. The paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of this method of garbage disposal and makes recommendations for integrated waste management in Canada.

From the Paper
"3 R's of necessary alternatives are meant "to divert as much waste as possible from disposal" (Mitchell 377) to reduction of waste at its source, reusability, and recycling. Source reduction refers to eliminating as much waste material as possible at its origin to halt "the flow of garbage into the landfill" (The 4 R's). For the consumer it means "reducing the amount of toxicity" (Mitchell 378) in products brought home (water based instead of oil based paints), and the durability of products that will not need to be thrown out despite their inconvenience (cloth instead of disposable diapers). In industry this could include "more efficient manufacturing techniques that produce less scrap or generate fewer toxic wastes per unit of output" (Mitchell 378). In both areas, especially retail, "packaging makes up about half our garbage by volume, one-third by weight" (The 4 R's). Reusability is simply living the way our great-grandparents did down on the farm: repair, don't replace the chair, the new-fangled radio, wash out jars to store things, and if you have to buy, purchase that which lasts. Quality pays for itself. Recycling is the final option, and ideally the least desirable because it means the first two have not achieved their objectives; however, modern life being what it is, what cannot be reused should be broken down by cardboard, paper, bottles, etc. at home. In industry recycling and reusability are often reversed in their order of precedence as they are in some telephone companies who melt down quantities of scrapped copper filaments and remold them into copper wire. This might be an example of the fourth R, recovering (potential) energy from waste, a practice which was employed during wartime especially in England where railings, gates, every scrap of metal was taken by the War Office and melted down for armaments.

Tags:landfill, greenhouse, regulations

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the issue of waste management and in particular looks at waste incineration as a way to manage waste. The writer concentrates on the matter of waste management and incineration in Toronto, Canada.

From the Paper
"There are several reasons why this topic is of importance and why it is of interest to me. First of all it is a very `hot' topic as we saw recently, in the last two months, as Toronto was trying to `solve' its waste problem. Waste is a non-avoidable result of high-technology industrialized economies. We live in a consumerist society that encourages us to shop and acquire more things. Hence more things are produced and more waste is generated. In 2000, for example, Canadians generated 1021 kg of ..."

Tags:waste, sustainability, incineration

Abstract
In this article, the writer examines the topic of waste management focusing on the issue of waste incineration. The writer discusses recent problems experienced in Toronto, Canada related to waste management. The writer looks at how Canada managed to dispose of 1021 kg of non-hazardous waste per capita in the year 2000 and discusses this problem.

From the Paper
"The topic that I have chosen for this paper is the issue of waste management and in particular waste incineration. There are several reasons why this topic is of importance and why it is of interest to me. First of all it is a very `hot' topic as we saw recently in the last two months as Toronto was trying to `solve' its waste problem. In 2000, for example, Canadians generated 1021 kg of non-hazardous waste per capita. 747kg of this waste were disposed of per capita, while the rest was recycled. It is also a problem that in increasing literally and figuratively. In Canada for example ..."

Tags:environment, sustainable, development, incineration

Abstract
The paper looks at how the not-in-my-backyard (NIMBY) syndrome affects how sites for waste disposal facilities are located. The paper then examines particular problems facing landfills and incinerators. The paper shows how current waste disposal strategies in Canada are ineffective due to undesirable by-products and strong resistance to these facilities. The paper concludes that the most obvious solution to these problems would appear to be to adopt waste diversion programs like the ones being developed in Toronto.

From the Paper
"To begin this discussion it is necessary to look at the social phenomena known as NIMBY syndrome. NIMBY stands for Not In My Back Yard(Meredith 480). When discussing NIMBY syndrome in "Assessing Environmental Impacts in Canada" Thomas Meredith states,
"...A society collectively accepts the need for a project, say a landfill site, an airport, or a nuclear power plant, but no one wants it near them" (Meredith 480)."
"In this sense NIMBY syndrome can be seen as a way in which land can be made socially unavailable for facilities like incinerators or landfills. This can be seen as a major contradiction because two totally different social and environmental factors are being expressed at the same time. Everyone knows that these facilities are necessary for society to function and are largely unwilling to live without them. However, they are also unwilling to live near the facilities that they desire. Since these two desires can't both be fulfilled it is necessary to look for other options."

Tags:landfills, incinerators, waste-diversion, programs, pollution, NIMBY

Abstract
The paper looks at Toronto's current waste disposal problems - with special attention being paid to the city's heavy reliance on landfills. The paper then looks at the challenges and possibilities presented by recycling and how some new technological innovations (chiefly incineration) might be the most useful change. Also the paper looks at the potentialities of waste diversion techniques, examine the allure of bio waste recycling and the hope offered by the elimination of plastic wrapping. Finally, the paper delves into the issue of technologically-advanced incinerators and how they might help resolve Toronto's garbage problem.

From the Paper
"All in all, in light of the problems facing Toronto, more recycling/waste disposal techniques should be considered - and high-technology incineration is right at the top of the list. Also near the top of the list is an "old" approach to waste management that, really, has not gained the widespread traction it deserves: old-fashioned recycling. Maureen Carter-Whitney writes that recycling, as compared to waste disposal, reduces energy consumption, relieves strain on the environment, diminishes the risk of dangerously high levels of eutrophification and acidification, cuts down air pollutants, and makes ecological toxicity less prevalent than it would be otherwise."

Tags:waste management, incineration recycling disposal environment

Abstract
In this article the writer looks at the issue of solid waste in Toronto and discusses what can be done to address a matter that has grown in importance in recent years. Specifically, the paper looks at the background of the situation, discusses possible policy responses and evaluates those alternatives. The writer offers a recommendation for one or more preferred options, complete with a brief overview of how they should be implemented. The writer concludes that Toronto would richly reward itself by placing the onus for solid waste management upon private citizens and businesses - a step which might be politically unpopular in the short-term, but which will benefit the city in the long-run.

From the Paper
"For some time, many Toronto residents have been outraged at what they view as the city's shameful inability to keep waste disposal and sanitation at a level commensurate with the city's pre-eminent status among Canadian municipalities. For one thing, many believe that solid waste should be recycled into steam for heating and for other energy-related purposes; as well, in light of the fact that Toronto's garbage pick-up has been the object of ridicule in many precincts for some time, there appears to be a sentiment that supervised sites whereat taxpayers can drop off tires, appliances, construction waste and other refuse should have been put into place years ago. Further, resentment seems to linger over the fact that Toronto has made remarkably little effort (at least in recent years) to establish guidelines at transfer stations that would mandate the separation of aluminum and other ferrous metals from organic products being shipped elsewhere; needless to say, this too is seen as a wasteful process that curbs what might be the productive recycling of still-useful items."

Tags:garbage, recycling, disposal, sanitation

Abstract
In this article, the writer examines national emergency management in Japan, United States, Canada, China and India. The writer compares the five cases, looks at significant laws used in each country, formulated in each country, and discusses what they reveal about national concerns and agendas. In Japan, the United States and Canada, man-made disasters, such as military aggression or terrorist assault, are highlighted as the chief factor influencing the development of a particular law or set of laws, whereas in China and India, the focus is upon naturally-occurring events which have laid waste to heavily-populated regions, creating massive human trauma as a result. Ultimately, the writer shows that, while the basic "mitigation," "vulnerability," and "recovery" considerations remain constant in every case, each nation responds rather differently depending upon its political, geographic and social needs, circumstances and imperatives. The writer concludes that what a nation believes is important when it comes time to assess possible threats plays as great a role as any set of variables in determining the allocation of finite resources.

From the Paper
"The following paper will examine national emergency management in five countries: Japan, United States, Canada, China and India. The paper will look at significant laws used in each country, formulated in each country, and what they reveal about national concerns and agendas. In the process of so doing, a comparative analysis of the five cases will be undertaken. In three of the aforementioned cases (Japan, the United States and Canada), man-made disasters - military aggression or terrorist assault - will be highlighted as the chief factor influencing the development of a particular law or set of laws, whereas in the other two instances ..."

Tags:national, emergency, management

Abstract
The paper discusses how the traditional capitalist perspective on forestry practices has been that Canada's forests comprise a renewable resource and therefore could be used in unlimited quantities; the forest was viewed as being able to renew its wood stock of itself while a high level of production could also be maintained. The paper explains that industry had been given exclusive use of forests without regard for the natural balance while other users have had no opportunity to participate in forest planning and development (Mitchell 273). The paper shows how both citizens and communities believe that forests have been given over to the forest industries with waste and deterioration being the outcomes.

From the Paper
"The traditional capitalist perspective on forestry practices has been that Canada's forests comprise a renewable resource and therefore could be used in unlimited quantities. From the perspective of commerce, the forest is nothing more than "an immense field of trees waiting to be used to satisfy the insatiable appetite of industry" (Mitchell 280). The forest was viewed as being able to renew its wood stock of itself while a high level of production could also be maintained. Industry had been given exclusive use of forests without regard for the natural balance while other users have had no opportunity to participate in forest planning and development..."

Tags:forest, depletion, management

Abstract
In this article, the writer points out that waste is a non-avoidable result of high-technology industrialized economies, as more things are produced and more waste is generated. Environmental, economic and social factors involved are examined and waste incineration is compared and contrasted with land filling and the 3Rs: reduce, reuse and recycle. The writer discusses that the growing concern for the environment, a constant increase in the amounts of waste produced, economic, land and social costs involved in developing new landfill sites and public opinion have brought about the need to approach waste management in a new way. The writer maintains that the use of waste incinerators does provide certain advantages to landfill, particularly in terms of waste reductions as well as through waste-to-energy schemes. The writer concludes that the 3Rs method of waste management has the greatest potential for growth and improvement and is a sustainable way of approaching waste management.

From the Paper
"A waste incinerator involves burning waste at high temperatures inside a specially engineered and purpose-built incinerator facility. Some of the positive impacts include the reduction of the volume of waste, less fossil fuel use and less land required for disposal of leftover solid residue as well as the potential of energy-from-waste incinerators. For example, by incinerating waste, its weight and volume are greatly reduced, often by as much as 90% . Pitchtel also stated that a third, albeit unintended benefit of incineration is detoxification - the destruction of microbial and other pathogenic organisms - of the waste . Waste-to-energy incinerators boil water to make steam for heating spaces or for production of electricity."

Tags:disposal, garbage, landfill, resources