Abstract
This paper explains why volcanoes erupt and the most common types of eruptions: plinin, Hawaiian, fissure, strombolian, vulcanian, and hydrovolcanic. The paper points out the three most recognized types of volcanoes, which are composite or "Hollywood", cinder cone and shield volcanoes. The paper also describes the volcanic areas of the Cascade Mountain Range and the Pacific Ring of Fire and specific famous volcanoes: Mount St. Helens, Mount Vesuvius, Mount K lauea, Mount Mauna Loa, Luzun Island, Lassen Peak and Mount Fuji.

From the Paper
"Why do volcanoes erupt? Volcanoes erupt when rocks melt deep below the earth's surface which creates magma. Magma chambers occur when magma collects before exploding to the surface of the earth. When the magma builds up in the chambers, it comes up through the volcano and spills out to the surface creating lava. Lava is the magma that has made it to the surface of the volcano. There are many types of eruptions, but the most common types include: plinin, Hawaiian, fissure, strombolian, vulcanian, and hydrovolcanic."

Tags:unpredictable, plate tectonics, warning system, goddess killing

Abstract
This paper examines how Emily Dickinson is one of the most revered American poets of all time and how her tightly written verse, her perceptions of nature, love and death and her own reclusive lifestyle combine to make her life as fascinating as her poetry. It explores one element of her work which stands out above all the rest as a metaphor for her tightly bound passions, the volcano. It analyzes how although they aren't mentioned nearly as often as birds, bees and flowers, volcanoes are a natural phenomenon that appear with notable frequency in Dickenson's poetry. It looks at how for women who lived during Dickinson's time, passion "be it anger or sexual feelings" were considered so taboo that the release of these feelings was as explosive as a volcano: Trapped just beneath a calm exterior, ready to burst at any moment and possibly destroy anything it touches. It evaluates how in Dickinson's works, the volcano becomes a way of expressing a feeling of fiery dissatisfaction inside a reserved, often mysterious exterior.

From the Paper
"Poem 601, "A Still" volcano "life" begins by likening the mighty flickering of a volcano to an intense secret routine. After the speaker associates the still volcano to a living being in the first line, line two mentions that the person "flicker(s)" at night. The next two lines point out the covertness as well as the habitual nature of the life, only being able to go about its normal business "when it was dark enough to do / without erasing sight." (3-4) The fact that the being knows to shimmer at night to avoid causing blindness suggests that "she" has done it before, and has perhaps already blinded (or otherwise permanently injured) someone by burning too brightly during the day."

Tags:sexual, feelings, anger, passion

Abstract
This paper discusses the causes of volcanoes, the different types and how they contribute to acid rain. The paper emphasizes the dangers inherent in this force of nature and looks at the active volcanoes in the United States and the major disasters of the past. The paper also looks at the San Andreas Fault and how it is a likely candidate for a major earthquake in the next few decades. Also discusses are San Francisco Bay and its environs, which are likely to sustain a moderate sized earthquake, accompanied by severe damage and loss of life.

From the Paper
"A volcano is a rupture in the surface of the earth which penetrates the crust and permits the escape of molten matter, rock and gases. The details of how this comes about are a quite elaborate. Such ruptures on the surface of the planet can change the face of the world over time, forming new land masses. They also pollute the air and change the climate, when active in great numbers or volume. It's believed they have brought on nuclear-winter type conditions, blotting out the sunlight. They could end civilization."

Tags:San, Andreas, Fault, San, Francisco, Bay, acid, rain, teectonic, plates, eruptions

Abstract
The paper explains that volcanoes are not just a distant phenomenon; they are common in the American Northwest, too. The writer finds the author's explanations of technical geoscience topics lucid and understandable, and is impressed with the overall tone of the book. In conclusion, the paper shows the book by Harris to be one that lives up to its promise.

From the Paper
"Contrary to popular and widespread belief, volcanoes have erupted practically everywhere in the world, including America. What is even more disturbing is that there are several areas in the U.S. Pacific Coast where volcanoes have the potential to violently erupt and trigger widespread devastation throughout the region. "In his book, Harris provides readers with a powerful and persuasive argument that the entire Cascade Range and other parts of the U.S. Pacific Coast are vulnerable to volcanic eruptions that besides unspeakable destruction, could result in darkened and polluted skies wreaking havoc on our respiratory systems - and much more."

Tags:eruption, St., Helen's, Pacific, Washington, Oregon, California

Abstract
This paper discusses the phenomena of the volcano. It describes the constituent elements of lava and the different kinds of lava that exist. It analyzes how the lava is ejected from the volcano and the effect it has on the surrounding environment.

From the Paper
"The makeup of magma determines how it moves, and magma with less than 55 percent silica (basalt) flows easily, while magma with more than 70 percent silica (rhyolite) flows with greater difficulty. Low-viscosity basaltic lava involves the rapid escape of gas which produces fountains of incandescent lava in blobs and drops. Such magma is often fluid enough when it reaches the ground to coalesce and form lava flows. The more high-viscosity rhyolite lava is such that gas cannot readily escape unless there is sufficient pressure. "

Tags:magma, earth, gases, molten, rock

Abstract
The paper describes the natural phenomenon of volcanoes and the severe outcomes that can result from a volcanic eruption. The paper describes volcanic eruptions in the past and looks at how scientists have improved the methods and abilities of protecting people. The paper relates that in most cases, scientists can predict when an eruption may occur and the best protection seems to be early warning.

Outline:
Introduction
History and Significance of the Problem
Discussion
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Volcanic gases are released in the air and through the soil as a result of the Magma which is composed of dissolved gases. The most common gases that are released are water vapor, carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide. In addition to these gases, volcanoes also release smaller amounts of hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide, helium, hydrogen, hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride. The survey explains that of the aforementioned gases the most harmful tend to be are sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen fluoride."

Tags:ring, of, fire, gases, lava, ash, dormant, landslides

Abstract
This paper explores both past and current methods of disaster management when volcanic activity occurs. The paper focuses on monitoring and detection as approaches to handling potentially disastrous situations. Various methods of detection are explained, such as seismic monitoring. The author concludes that new methods offer hope for better predictions of volcanic activity, yet more must be done for disaster preparation. This is imperative in order to better predict volcanic events and save the lives of those who witness such a natural disaster.

From the Paper
"Seismic monitoring is one of the most common ways to keep track of volcanic activity (Choi, 2004; Mileti, 1999). Seismometers monitor earth movement, including the earthquakes and tremors that sometimes indicate volcanic activity like underground magma movement (Choi, 2004). Though seismic activity is often linked to volcanic events successfully, not all seismic events indicate a coming eruption (Kerr, 2003). For this reason, seismometer readings do not always provide accurate predictions (Choi, 2004)."

Tags:volcanoes, eruptions, explosions, population, evacuation, hazards, geology, natural, disasters, disaster, management

Abstract
This paper discusses specific examples of volcanic eruptions and earthquakes. It discusses the latest eruptions and the latest earthquakes occurrences. The paper then describes the environmental and societal impacts that they caused both locally and around the world. Where possible, the paper also classifies the natural disaster and ranks it in history against other similar occurrences.

From the Paper
"Mexico City quake of 1985 - This quake measured 8.1 on the Richter scale, and killed at least 9,000 people, but many Mexico City residents believe the real number was far higher, perhaps as high as 100,000. Nearly 500 buildings were destroyed, and 100,000 homes were lost. It also collapsed most of the area hospitals, leaving little health care for victims of the quake. This quake is probably the most devastating of all those on the North American continent discussed here."
"Shensi, China earthquake - Occurred in 1556, the worst killing an estimate 830,000 people, which was about 60 percent of the entire nation's population. It destroyed a 520-square mile area, and affected ten provinces. It was rated an 8 on the moment magnitude scale, and is known as the worst earthquake in history, and the fourth worst natural disaster of all time."

Tags:stratovolcano, tsunami, Richter

Abstract
This paper examines the causes of eruptions and the difference between explosive and non-explosive eruptions. It also studies the effects of volcanic eruptions on people and the environment. It concludes with a discussion on recent eruptions in Hawaii and on the island of Montserrat.

From the Paper
"Volcanoes are mountains that are created by an accumulation of materials that erupt through vents. Most volcanoes are beneath the sea but the volcanoes that most people are aware of are above sea level. The Smithsonian Institution reports that there are 1511 active above-sea volcanoes during the past 10,000 years. Five hundred and thirty-nine of these have erupted at least once during recorded history. An average fifty-five above-sea volcanoes worldwide are active in any given year; about half of these are continuations of eruptions from previous years, and the rest are new.("Volcano") The purpose of this discussion is to examine why eruptions occur and the difference between explosive and non-explosive eruptions. We will also explore the effects of volcanic eruptions on people and the environment. Finally we will discuss recent eruptions in Hawaii and on the island of Montserrat."

Tags:cause, explosive, non-explosive, effect, environment, Hawaii, Montserrat

Abstract
This study provides a geographical description of the Tungurahua Volcano of Ecuador and describes the nature of its volcanic activity. The paper also explores the risks to inhabitants living in close proximity to the volcano and some of the measures taken to protect them. The paper concludes by examining what is being done to assist those affected by the volcano and probable solutions to the threat it poses.

From the Paper
"The Tungurahua volcano is categorized as a strato-volcano reaching a height of 5016 meters. With a nickname of "The Black Giant", the mountain has a 600 feet wide crater, with most of the mountain covered in snow. Its geographical status shows that it lies some 25 kilometers east of Ambato, Ecuador's 4th largest city. The slopes of the Tungurahua volcano are primarily used for the local agriculture sector and a number of small villages including a town called Banos which cradles the mountain from both the western and northern sides."

Tags:eruptions, explosions, lava, flows, hazard, ashes, rock, strombolian, magma