Abstract This paper examines the nature of temporal memory, visual perception, and attention shifts through eyemovement prove intriguing subject matter. The paper looks into two particular experimental designs used to investigate these issues. The first investigates how eyemovement and visual short-term memory are related to pedestrian traffic behavior. The second experimental design tests the correlation between television viewing and the ability to read stereograms. Both television viewing and comprehension of stereograms require a long period of looking at once spot and taking in visual information, though one involves absorption of moving information and the other involves absorption of still information. The paper explains that both designs observe eyeball movement and visual focus in terms of competency tasks and that one involves the real-life scenario of pedestrian behavior, while the other involves the ability to detect hidden geometric patterns using visual focus. The paper concludes that the first experiment is an important test to implement because pedestrian traffic fatalities prove to be a dominant and historical problem, while the second test is interesting because the ability to glimpse the hidden images in stereograms is still an unsolved mystery.
From the Paper "The problem is how to test the hypotheses in an ethical fashion. Restricting the potential eye movement and scope of vision of pedestrians as they walk through real-life traffic would be very ethically wrong. Instead, a simulation needs to be developed whereby the safety of subjects is not compromised. In this case, the simulation can come either via reconstruction of a traffic scenario (difficult to enact) or in terms of a computer simulation (which poses no safety risk). A number of computer games already exist in which traffic and pedestrian behavior are a major part of the game. An obvious example is Grand Theft Auto, though as this game is controversial (violence, bad language) it may not be appropriate. The game "City Life" would be better, as it is visually very realistic and easy to maneuver. Other Sims games may be also appropriate and are readily available. However, in order to eliminate the chance of video prowess of being an extraneous variable, the game should be very simple and easy for computer game "beginners" to maneuver. A pedestrian street version of city life, or a fairly "clean" part of Grand Theft Auto, may be appropriate. The scene selection is one whereby intersecting traffic is a consideration and the A to B point of pedestrian travel is a fairly straight, easy-to-monitor course."
Abstract This paper examines how the concept of visual perception is complex in nature and how a number of different interpretations of the concept have been established throughout the field of psychology. Although the eyes view objects in a series of short, erratic movements, the brain processes these actions efficiently, so that actual visual experiences are smooth and steady. It looks at how, in order to evaluate perception effectively, two distinct schools of thought must be evaluated: modular and interactive; this paper assesses the circumstances surrounding these two experiences and the factors leading up to a conclusion of the most appropriate solution to the perception dilemma.
Outline
Introduction
Review of Related Literature
Movement and Action in the World
Visual Recognition in Relation to Object Processing
Cognitive Psychology and Visual Perception
Conclusion
From the Paper "Research conducted by Humphreys, Price, and Riddoch in 1999 in the article entitled "From objects to names: A cognitive neuroscience approach" indicates that the recognition of objects is largely based on a series of processing actions and that object naming is based on a combination of visual processing and recognition tasks. The research designates that "objects from categories with similar members produce a spread of activation across the structural descriptions of perceptual neighbors, and this slows the time for object decision" (Humphreys, Price, & Riddoch, 1999, p. 120). A number of neuroscientific studies are discussed in this essay, and the primary conclusion that the authors portray is that retrieving an object's name is dependent upon visual differentiation between categories, and may involve visual processing in earlier stages."
Abstract The paper discusses sex differences in visual spatial learning and memory and notes that few studies can explain the causes for these differences and what can effectively alter the results. The paper presents a literature review on this issue and discusses the following queries: (a) At what age do the sex differences occur? (b) Are the sex differences consistent over time? (c) Are the sex differences consistent across species? (d) And is there a relation of physiological behaviors to the difference in visual-spatial abilities?
Outline:
Introduction
What is Visual Spatial Memory?
How Does One Test Visual Spatial Memory?
Background
Current Findings
Beginning Hormonal Research
Animal Findings
Humans
Motivational Studies
Conclusion
Proposed Future Studies
From the Paper "Males tend to have a more right hemisphere visual-spatial focus than their female counterparts. Females tend to have a more bi-laterally activated visual-spatial memory. These differences have been attributed to an ecological approach, which explains that women developed a need for more verbal abilities in Broca's area, while males needed to focus on the hunting aspect survival and developed a larger area in the hippocampus and para-hippocampal area devoted to visual-spatial abilities. This fact holds true for all species that have been studied in relation to visual-spatial learning and memory. It is widely accepted to be located specifically in the hippocampus of both humans and animals. Spatial tasks are performed through the right parietal regions across these species."
Abstract This paper explains the basic problems, which are known as far sightedness, short sightedness and astigmatism. The author points out that these problems are based on the way the eye reacts to light and the physical shape of the eye. The paper relates that an eye examination can revealed the types of eye problem.
From the Paper "Human beings may have any of a number of visual problems which can be corrected by wearing lenses, either glasses or contact lenses. The basic problems so addressed are known as far-sightedness, short-sightedness, and astigmatism, all based on the way the eye reacts to light and the physical shape of the eye. Visual problems are discovered in an eye examination, and the three types noted above can all be revealed in such an examination. Myopia is the most common of the three issues. Hyperopia, or far-sightedness, occurs when the shape of the eye leaves too little room for focusing so that the image focuses beyond the retina."
Abstract A review of Margaret Atwood's novel "Cat's Eye" which tells the story of a middle-aged artist, Elaine Risley, who returns to her hometown of Toronto. Her childhood memories return, especially the memories of three girls and a series of events that have haunted her throughout her life. By recognizing these memories, Elaine finally comes to terms with her life and finds her own identity. The major theme of the novel is how the events of the past can haunt an individual and impact their life, unless the individual can confront the pain of their past and move forward.
From the Paper "This first paragraph may at first seem like a simple introduction, but a closer look will show that it includes all the issues that become the major points of the novel. Firstly, it includes that time is not a line, but a dimension. This suggests that time exists everywhere and is part of everything. Considering that time represents the past, this suggests that the past is also a part of everything. This first paragraph also refers to travelling backward in time and existing in two places at once. This is essentially the position that Elaine is in now."
Abstract This paper examines Margaret Atwood's novel, "Cat's Eye", which tells the story of a middle-aged artist, Elaine Risley, who returns to her hometown of Toronto. It discusses how her childhood memories return, especially the memories of three girls and a series of events that have haunted her throughout her life.It show that by recognizing these memories, Elaine finally comes to terms with her life and finds her own identity. It analyzes how the major theme of the novel is how the events of the past can haunt an individual and impact a life, unless the individual can confront the pain of the past and move forward.
From the Paper "This ending to the novel expresses the major theme of the novel, the major theme being that the events of the past can haunt an individual and impact their life, unless the individual can confront the pain of their past and move forward. The reader shares Elaine's journey to confronting her past from start to finish and in doing so, the reader becomes aware of the importance of the theme. One of the major ways this is communicated is related to the way that Elaine has to confront her memories. The middle-aged Elaine returns to her hometown and the reader sees that she has not moved forward from her past. She has a successful career as an artist and she has lived an independent life for over thirty years. However, despite the amount of time that has passed and her successful career, she has never been able to overcome her past."
Abstract There exist specific techniques that can be used in the classroom to develop attention and memory. This paper shows how valuable information and concepts can be memorized by students using a variety of techniques, such as music, repetitiveness, and visual aids. This paper also shows that there are several techniques a teacher can use to motivate students to capture their attention. These include working from students' strengths and interests, making the students active participants in learning, and varying teaching methods.
From the Paper "An additional technique that teachers may utilize to promote memorization is repetitiveness. Many of us may recall the use of flash cards in school when we were younger. The teacher would show us a card with a sight word on it, and then show it again, and yet again. At such a ripe age it was quite possible that we were not able to comprehend the importance of this repetitiveness; however with enough practice we were able to commit those sight words to memory. "Early introduction of Dolch Sight Words, preferably in kindergarten during the regular academic year, with systematic daily practice and reinforcement provided throughout kindergarten and first grade, will lead to early reading success and preclude much of the need for remediation in later grades," (picturemereading.com)."
Abstract This essay outlines in a factual, explanatory tone, how 'visual perception' occurs within the body and brain. It is heavily based on scientific terminology as outlined within the psychology syllabus. Includes the function of rods and cones, the interpretation of stimuli, depth cues, Gestalt principles, psychological factors of perception, and a discussion on the fallibility of visual perception. Highly reliable examples are included.
From the Paper "Visual Sensation, which occurs so we can detect physical stimuli, begins with the reception of information. Light waves (electromagnetic energy) enter the eye and are focused on the retina. This electromagnetic energy is then transduced by rods and cones, (light sensitive cells), into electrochemical energy enabling it to be transmitted to the brain. The electrochemical energy is then transmitted along the neurons of the optic nerve to the Occipital Lobe (Visual Cortex of brain)."
Abstract This paper presents a literary review of Margaret Atwood's novel "Cat's Eye", which tells the story of a middle-aged artist, Elaine Risley, who returns to her hometown of Toronto. The writer believes that the major theme of the novel is how the events of the past can haunt an individual and impact their life, unless the individual can confront the pain of their past and move forward. The writer reviews this novel through the eyes of its author and why she wrote the story.
From the Paper "This first paragraph may at first seem like a simple introduction, but a closer look will show that it includes all the issues that become the major points of the novel. Firstly, it includes that time is not a line, but a dimension. This suggests that time exists everywhere and is part of everything. Considering that time represents the past, this suggests that the past is also a part of everything. This first paragraph also refers to travelling backward in time and existing in two places at once."
Abstract This research paper discusses the unique issues associated with the education of blind and low vision students in Texas public schools. The author considers that educating blind people is a life-long process of compensating for the loss of arguably the most important of the human senses. The paper concludes that there are a vast number of skills, such as self-help and employment training that are also a part of the education of the visually impaired in Texas public schools.
Braille Readiness
Pre-Braille Skills
Tactual Symbols
Social Skills
From the Paper "When teaching a blind child who is expected to be in the regular classroom, it is best to start teaching the Braille alphabet when his classmates are learning printed letters. By doing this, the child has a better chance of grasping the connection between the letters and the raised dots. This is a difficult process and should be taught slowly. Mangold strongly suggests using the same tactics that regular teachers use in order to keep the child interested, such as games, music and physical play. "
Abstract This paper discusses how visual agnosia is a disorder where people can see objects, but are unable to recognize them. It looks at how agnosia it not a disease, but a disorder that arises as the result of neurological conditions such as strokes, dementia, or developmental disorders. It also examines how, because agnosia has several different causes, successful treatment relies upon correct diagnosis and treatment of the underlying disorder.
From the Paper ""The way in which messages are relayed from the eyes to the brain is not as straightforward as one might think." (Humphreys and Riddoch, 8). The visual pathway itself is complex. For example, objects recognized with one eye are perceived on the opposite side of the brain. However, visual agnosia is not associated with a problem in the actual visual pathway. Instead, agnosia is believed to reflect a problem in the later stages of sensory processing, "beyond the level of basic sensory mechanisms such as vision and acuity." (Rosello). Furthermore, visual agnosia is not always technically a perception problem; the patients can typically perceive and describe the physical details of a visual stimuli, but are unable to match that description to something held in memory. "
Abstract This paper presents an overview of rapid eyemovement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD). The paper first explains that RBD causes abnormal motor behavior during REM sleep, mainly affects older males and can be associated with neurodegenerative diseases. The paper also looks at treatment options and presents a case study. The paper points out that current limitations with studies on RBD prevent us from knowing all we can about RBD and treatment options.
Outline:
RBD Background
Associations with Neurodegenerative Diseases
Treatment Options
Case Study
Conclusion
From the Paper "REM sleep behavior disorder, a parasomnia is illustrated by the irregular loss of normal skeletal muscle atonia during REM sleep and is accompanied by complex motor activity while dreaming (Ferini-Strambi, Fantini, Zucconi, Castronovo, Marelli, Oldani, & Cappa, 2005). The loss of REM sleep atonia has been associated with the loss of the inhibition of motor activity that normally is controlled by pontine centers (Mazza, Saucy, Gravel, Michaud, Postuma, Massicotte-Marquez, Decary, & Montplasir, 2006). Behavior release during REM needs the disinhibition of brainstem motor pattern generators, therefore resulting in over-excitation of phasic motor activity; this supplies an anatomic foundation for REM behavior disorder (Mazza et al., 2006)"
Abstract The repressed memory controversy has spawned numerous debates in a variety of fields, from clinical psychology to legal studies, from the utility of repressed memory testimony in the courtroom to the nature of memory storage and recall. This paper reviews the research literature around the concept of repressed memories and proposes that, despite its emerging salience as a factor, one area not elaborately researched is the role of gender in repressed memories. The paper proposes an experiment designed to test whether gender may affect the creation of false memories in undergraduates and postulates an outcome based on the hypothesis that the social acceptability of a suggested memory increases how readily participants assimilate new memories (and this can be correlated with gender socialization). The experiment's goal is to work toward understanding the role of gender in the occurrence of repressed memories.
From the Paper "Given the predominance of repressed memory in females, the problem begs the question: does gender affect cognition? The full answer to that question is complex beyond the scope of this paper, but the general summary is that the evidence is inconclusive. From the popular view, it is generally believed that females are better at certain tasks such as facial recognition, color recollection, emotional recognition, and verbal memory; while males are better at tasks such as visuospatial reasoning, chronology, and number memory. At the same time, despite these persistent stereotypes, the evidence to support them is not conclusive (c.f. Caplan, 1997; Halpern 1986). We can say that there is some evidence indicating females may be more suggestible than males (McFarlane, 2002), which might account in part for of the difference in repressed memory, given that a predominance of clients are in therapy (under the influence of a therapist) at the time of the recovery (Freyd, 1999)."
Abstract This is a proposal for a process change project (initially a pilot project) to better equip nurses to deal effectively with the visually impaired. The paper discusses the implications of being visually impaired and notes that this is a growing population with a grossly under reported incidence of visual impairment and often blindness due to aging and accompanying diseases that affect the elderly. Risk of accidents, such as hip fractures from falls, are suggested as part of the reason for the proposed pilot project. Lewin process change theory is highlighted.
From the Paper "According to the American Foundation for the Blind, approximately 10 million individuals are visually impaired. ("Statistics," 2005). The visually impaired create numerous challenges for nursing and other healthcare practitioners that most institutions are not prepared to deal with. While visual impairment can strike individuals of any age; an estimated 5 million individuals aged 65 or older not residing in nursing homes are visually impaired either directly as a result of the aging process or as a result of diseases, such as diabetes, which affect vision ("Statistics," 2005), with 1 million reported as severe impairment. 26% of all nursing home residents are visually impaired: 3% are blind, 6% as severely impaired and over 16% considered impaired ("Statistics," 2005). Older individuals are also at a higher risk of serious injury based on their visual impairment. As a result, this population is more likely to require medical attention.."
