Abstract
This paper examines the nature of temporal memory, visual perception, and attention shifts through eye movement prove intriguing subject matter. The paper looks into two particular experimental designs used to investigate these issues. The first investigates how eye movement and visual short-term memory are related to pedestrian traffic behavior. The second experimental design tests the correlation between television viewing and the ability to read stereograms. Both television viewing and comprehension of stereograms require a long period of looking at once spot and taking in visual information, though one involves absorption of moving information and the other involves absorption of still information. The paper explains that both designs observe eyeball movement and visual focus in terms of competency tasks and that one involves the real-life scenario of pedestrian behavior, while the other involves the ability to detect hidden geometric patterns using visual focus. The paper concludes that the first experiment is an important test to implement because pedestrian traffic fatalities prove to be a dominant and historical problem, while the second test is interesting because the ability to glimpse the hidden images in stereograms is still an unsolved mystery.

Outline:
Introduction
Experimental Design
Non-Experimental/Correlational Design
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The problem is how to test the hypotheses in an ethical fashion. Restricting the potential eye movement and scope of vision of pedestrians as they walk through real-life traffic would be very ethically wrong. Instead, a simulation needs to be developed whereby the safety of subjects is not compromised. In this case, the simulation can come either via reconstruction of a traffic scenario (difficult to enact) or in terms of a computer simulation (which poses no safety risk). A number of computer games already exist in which traffic and pedestrian behavior are a major part of the game. An obvious example is Grand Theft Auto, though as this game is controversial (violence, bad language) it may not be appropriate. The game "City Life" would be better, as it is visually very realistic and easy to maneuver. Other Sims games may be also appropriate and are readily available. However, in order to eliminate the chance of video prowess of being an extraneous variable, the game should be very simple and easy for computer game "beginners" to maneuver. A pedestrian street version of city life, or a fairly "clean" part of Grand Theft Auto, may be appropriate. The scene selection is one whereby intersecting traffic is a consideration and the A to B point of pedestrian travel is a fairly straight, easy-to-monitor course."

Tags:focus, psychology

Abstract
This paper looks at eye movements and visual attention, discussing what is known about the topic and current research in the area.

Tags:eye movements, visual attention

Abstract
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is one form of psychotherapy which was intended to address issues associated with traumatic experiences and memories. There is no question of the effectiveness of EMDR in dealing with post-traumatic stress disorder or trauma related to events such as rape, childhood sexual abuse or ongoing experiences of abuse and maltreatment. EMDR also is effective in treating depression and postpartum depression. The controversy related to this therapy is related to its theoretical framework, and especially the role played by eye movements, along with the mechanisms of eye movements. This paper will outline the processes of EMDR and the centrality of eye movements in those processes. Primarily, the controversy surrounding eye movements and theory will be analyzed. The arguments developed by the opponents of EMDR are as convincing as proponents' views.

From the Paper
The Controversy Surrounding Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) Introduction Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is one form of psychotherapy which was intended to address issues associated with traumatic experiences and memories. There is no question of the effectiveness of EMDR in dealing with post-traumatic stress disorder or trauma related to events such as rape, childhood sexual abuse or ongoing experiences of abuse and maltreatment. EMDR also is effective in treating depression and postpartum depression. The controversy related to this

Tags:emdr, debate, issues

Abstract
The paper discusses sex differences in visual spatial learning and memory and notes that few studies can explain the causes for these differences and what can effectively alter the results. The paper presents a literature review on this issue and discusses the following queries: (a) At what age do the sex differences occur? (b) Are the sex differences consistent over time? (c) Are the sex differences consistent across species? (d) And is there a relation of physiological behaviors to the difference in visual-spatial abilities?

Outline:
Introduction
What is Visual Spatial Memory?
How Does One Test Visual Spatial Memory?
Background
Current Findings
Beginning Hormonal Research
Animal Findings
Humans
Motivational Studies
Conclusion
Proposed Future Studies

From the Paper
"Males tend to have a more right hemisphere visual-spatial focus than their female counterparts. Females tend to have a more bi-laterally activated visual-spatial memory. These differences have been attributed to an ecological approach, which explains that women developed a need for more verbal abilities in Broca's area, while males needed to focus on the hunting aspect survival and developed a larger area in the hippocampus and para-hippocampal area devoted to visual-spatial abilities. This fact holds true for all species that have been studied in relation to visual-spatial learning and memory. It is widely accepted to be located specifically in the hippocampus of both humans and animals. Spatial tasks are performed through the right parietal regions across these species."

Tags:cultural, theory, brain, lateralization, visual-spatial, abilities, mental, rotation

Abstract
This paper explains the basic problems, which are known as far sightedness, short sightedness and astigmatism. The author points out that these problems are based on the way the eye reacts to light and the physical shape of the eye. The paper relates that an eye examination can revealed the types of eye problem.

From the Paper
"Human beings may have any of a number of visual problems which can be corrected by wearing lenses, either glasses or contact lenses. The basic problems so addressed are known as far-sightedness, short-sightedness, and astigmatism, all based on the way the eye reacts to light and the physical shape of the eye. Visual problems are discovered in an eye examination, and the three types noted above can all be revealed in such an examination. Myopia is the most common of the three issues. Hyperopia, or far-sightedness, occurs when the shape of the eye leaves too little room for focusing so that the image focuses beyond the retina."

Tags:visual, problems, eyeglasses

Abstract
There exist specific techniques that can be used in the classroom to develop attention and memory. This paper shows how valuable information and concepts can be memorized by students using a variety of techniques, such as music, repetitiveness, and visual aids. This paper also shows that there are several techniques a teacher can use to motivate students to capture their attention. These include working from students' strengths and interests, making the students active participants in learning, and varying teaching methods.

From the Paper
"An additional technique that teachers may utilize to promote memorization is repetitiveness. Many of us may recall the use of flash cards in school when we were younger. The teacher would show us a card with a sight word on it, and then show it again, and yet again. At such a ripe age it was quite possible that we were not able to comprehend the importance of this repetitiveness; however with enough practice we were able to commit those sight words to memory. "Early introduction of Dolch Sight Words, preferably in kindergarten during the regular academic year, with systematic daily practice and reinforcement provided throughout kindergarten and first grade, will lead to early reading success and preclude much of the need for remediation in later grades," (picturemereading.com)."

Tags:visual, aids, music, IQ

Abstract
This essay outlines in a factual, explanatory tone, how 'visual perception' occurs within the body and brain. It is heavily based on scientific terminology as outlined within the psychology syllabus. Includes the function of rods and cones, the interpretation of stimuli, depth cues, Gestalt principles, psychological factors of perception, and a discussion on the fallibility of visual perception. Highly reliable examples are included.

From the Paper
"Visual Sensation, which occurs so we can detect physical stimuli, begins with the reception of information. Light waves (electromagnetic energy) enter the eye and are focused on the retina. This electromagnetic energy is then transduced by rods and cones, (light sensitive cells), into electrochemical energy enabling it to be transmitted to the brain. The electrochemical energy is then transmitted along the neurons of the optic nerve to the Occipital Lobe (Visual Cortex of brain)."

Tags:brain, eye, gestalt, neurons, psychology, sensation

Abstract
The paper discusses how in "The Bluest Eye", the opening section is called "Autumn," and it first evokes one of the major seasonal events of childhood for that time of year, that being going back to school. The paper examines the section that follows, an introductory section creating a mental image of the first days of school when children learn to read. The paper discusses how the author does this by using the form of the first-grade reader known to generations of children by its simple story of Dick and Jane and their parents.

From the Paper
""The Bluest Eye" was Toni Morrison's first novel. The opening section is called "Autumn," and it first evokes one of the major seasonal events of childhood for that time of year, that being going back to school. The section follows an introductory section creating a mental image of the first days of school when children learn to read, and the author does this by using the form of the first-grade reader known to generations of children by its simple story of Dick and Jane and their parents. In this case, though, the evocation is also skewed, for the story is told three times in an increasingly rapid way, showing a certain degree of desperation as the author recalls that story and links it to the family in..."

Tags:morrison, novel, memory

Abstract
The paper examines the website Consumer Reports.org that focuses on providing critiques of products and providing information to consumers before they elect to purchase these items. The paper relates that Stanford Education states that visual rhetoric is "images [that] work on their own and collaborate with written text to create an argument designed to move a specific audience" ("Visual" para. 1). Yet, the paper discusses how Dunleavy suggests that when visual rhetoric exists through technology it may be threatening traditional forms of communicating with society, such as in journalism (para. 2). However, the paper asserts that while the site does support the ideology that there is an argument for consumer awareness, it does not threaten traditional forms of communication, other than false advertising.

From the Paper
"The document is a website entitled Consumer Reports.org. This is a review site that focuses on providing critiques of products and providing information to consumers before they elect to purchase these items. Stanford Education states that visual rhetoric is "images [that] work on their own and collaborate with written text to create an argument designed to move a specific audience" ("Visual" para. 1). Yet, Dunleavy suggests that when visual rhetoric exists through technology it may be threatening traditional forms of communicating with society, such as in journalism (para. 2). However,, while the site does support the ideology that there

Tags:visual, rhetoric, website

Abstract
This paper looks closely at a chapter describing the inner workings of our human memory, and the three component system that we utilize to retail information. Using sensory memory, working memory and long-term memory we can learn to better encode information in order to be more successful students. The more meaning we can attach to our memories, the stronger memories they become.

From the Paper
"Memories can seem to be fleeting moments, shocking us when we can not seem to recall the most standard pieces of information, or surprisingly dense, as when details one thought completely unimportant rise clearly into our thoughts. Understanding the processes behind memory can aid our quests to recall specific information similarly to how an information processing system such as a computer or database works. Through a clear understanding of the three component model of memory--sensory memory, working or short term memory and long term memory--one can apply this awareness towards creating specific rehearsal and encoding cues which will be more likely to remain stable in our long term memory. While the processes of memory have been speculated upon for centuries, a current model describes memory utilizing technological imagery. "

Tags:memory, psychology, components