Abstract
This paper is based on Chapter 14 of F. Frisken's book entitled "The Changing Canadian Metropolis", which is called "Urban Sprawl in the Montreal Area - Policies and Trends" by Francois Charbonneau, Pierre Hamel and Michel Barcelo. The author points out that this chapter is about urban sprawl in Montreal and how it is affecting the city itself, particularly the city center of Montreal, because, with the increase in suburbanization, the center has become like a ghost town of sorts. The paper relates that the government implemented some policies, but these were ineffective.

From the Paper
"Chapter 14 of F. Frisken's book entitled "The Changing Canadian Metropolis" is called "Urban Sprawl in the Montreal Area - Policies and Trends" by Francois Charbonneau, Pierre Hamel and Michel Barcelo. The title of this article aptly represents what it is about. It is an effective analysis of the phenomenon of urban sprawl in Montreal. The authors of the article describe the problem of urban sprawl, its timeline, and what led to the problem in the first place. Next, they discuss the policies that the Quebec government used to try and deal with the issue, and what other influences affected the outcome of the policies."

Tags:montreal, urban, sprawl

Abstract
The paper relates that if Canada wishes to maintain its advantage in sustainability and environmental leadership, it must continue to implement urban planning as a core strategy of sustainable development. The paper focuses on the greater Toronto area and discusses how urban planners have defined its geographic boundaries by the character of the surrounding geography itself. The paper shows, however, how its overall boundary making strategy may not be as clear as it could be. The paper concludes that without the technology to remap the region for various purposes, assigning requisite resources for specific purposes would be very difficult indeed for the city's urban planners. The paper includes two color maps of Toronto.

Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Urban Boundaries in Planning
Determining Borders as Urban Planning
Urban Planning Characteristics
Conclusion

From the Paper
"European settlers, across the breadth of Canada, have long utilized boundary setting and the definition of geographical boundaries for both cartographic and political purposes. This began with the earliest colonization of the Canadian provinces and continues, to one degree or another, today. Harris points out that the expansion of the suburbs following World War II created growing strain on Canada's cities and its natural environment that was quickly recognized as a threat vis-a-vis sustainability (2004). Yet, with the ever expanding population following the war, due both to natural population growth as well as to Canada's ever-more friendly immigration policies, urban planning became not only a benefit to sustainable development but a necessity."

Tags:maps, boundaries, resources, geography, planners, expansion

Abstract
This paper discusses the key forces of changes and trends in Canada, particularly in the Waterloo Region, in the area of urban and regional planning practice. The paper takes into account changes in the local and national economy, demographics, sociology, culture, technology and population growth, politics institutions and environment. It discusses the importance of urban planning representing the community in all its elements of age, culture, gender and race. The paper contains graphs and tables.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Key Trends
Economics
Infrastructure
Marketplace Cycles
Global Marketplace
Technology
Environment
Political-Institutional
Socio-Cultural
Demographics
Implications
Summary and Conclusions

From the Paper
"The Waterloo Region should be planning for the public interest. As discussed above, in a metropolitan area such as the Waterloo region, planners should represent the various segments of the population as a whole, in age, culture and occupation. In the case of planning for the region, demography becomes the guide for the future. Those who represent the citizens must share the interests of both residents and commercial interests, and create a long-range plan which benefits the community both fiscally and in quality of life. These planners must account for differences in interests among neighborhoods, individuals and developmental forces. Accounting for the values and facts that face them and challenge them will help them make wise decisions. Both the public and the private sectors must be represented and accommodated in future plans."

Tags:infrastructure, demographics, population, society

Abstract
The paper discusses Toronto's geographic boundaries that have been defined by the character of the surrounding geography itself. The paper first examines Toronto's boundary making strategy and the boundary variances that exist. The paper then shows how urban planning has evolved over time to become essential to the quality of life and sustainability in contemporary Canada.

Outline:
Introduction
Determining Borders as Urban Planning
Urban Planning Characteristics
Conclusion

From the Paper
"In the early 20th century, inclination of Canadian workers to acquire land at a breakneck pace was another reason urban planning and development was seen as a necessity by the central government as well as the provincial governments: "Workers did everything they could to acquire property, sacrificing convenience, and sometimes their children's education in the process" (2004, p.27). Thus, the urgency regarding the implementation of urban planning and development really began at the turn of the 19th century and continues to this day."

Tags:resources, suburbs, geography, boundary, sustainability

Abstract
In this article, the writer provides an extensive report, focusing on the key points of the book "The New City: How the Crisis in Canada's Urban Centres is Reshaping the Nation" by John Lorinc. The writer discusses that "The New City" concentrates on the consequences of ignoring the key role of cities in international commerce. The writer notes that first by showing the urban woes of modern Canada, and then tracing both the roots and coming consequences, the author examines the way healthy cities work. The writer maintains that among the troubling information are glimmers of hope as there are ample examples of cities getting a handle on issues such as environmental damage and social justice.

From the Paper
"The New City sets out its message early: Cities are key to a nation, but Canada has failed its cities. Years of federal and provincial policies that ignored cities are showing their consequences now, when cities are more important than ever. Rising problems in the environment, social safety net, and other areas key to the Canadian way of life are cited as urban troubles generated by laws passed without considering their impact on urban areas. However, The New City does not merely nay say government policy. It shows ..."

Tags:city, planning, review

Abstract
The paper relates that the suburban communities around Toronto are expanding constantly as large numbers of new immigrants - and native-born Canadians - flood into the GTA in pursuit of new employment opportunities. The paper notes that unfortunately, rapid population growth can be problematic for the environment and for natural resources insofar as humans are renowned for their ecological sensitivity and tend to be large-scale consumers. With that in mind, the paper looks briefly at the municipal, provincial and federal policies vis-a-vis these areas as those policies apply to environmental and resource concerns. In so doing, attention is paid to whether or not good decisions are being made; whether or not the planning is effective; and whether or not it may be said that the three levels of government are coordinating their efforts.

From the Paper
"The suburban communities around Toronto are expanding constantly as large numbers of new immigrants - and native-born Canadians - flood into the GTA in pursuit of new employment opportunities. Unfortunately, rapid population growth can be problematic for the environment and for natural resources insofar as humans are renowned for their ecological sensitivity and tend to be large-scale consumers. With that in mind, the following paper will look briefly at the municipal, provincial and federal policies vis-a-vis these areas as those policies apply to environmental and..."

Tags:geology, urban, expansion

Abstract
The paper defines what smog is and explains that it is often found in large urban areas. The writer breaks down and explains the chemical components of smog and its effects on health and the environment. The paper summarizes the Ontario Smog Plan and discusses whether it will work to reduce smog significantly. The writer suggests some tips that citizens can follow in order to contribute to the goals of the Ontario Plan. In conclusion, the writer states that, although not perfect, the plan is a step in the right direction and that hopefully, with community participation and clever fine-tuning, the Canadian city's plan will become a model for future environmental efforts around the world.

Table of Contents:
Emission Sources
- NOx emissions
- VOCs
- Ambient Air Levels (ground-level ozone)
- Human Health Effects
- Environmental Effects
Particulate Matter (PM)
- Ambient Air Levels of PM
- Human Health Effects
Environmental and Other Impacts
Ontario's Plan
- Goal
Transportation
1. Drive Clean (MOE)
2. Gasoline Formulas (MOE)
3. Green Fleets (Toronto)
4. Anti-Idling Bylaw (Toronto)
Particulate Matter
5. PM10 Standard (MOE)
Industry
6. Stewardship Initiatives
State of the Environment Reporting
7. Air Quality Monitoring (MOE)
The Targets
- Transit
- Coal Fired Electric Plants
- Transboundary Air Pollution (Canada/U.S.)
- Sulphur in Fuels
Tips for contributing to the goals of the Ontario Health Plan
- Getting Around
- Around the Home
- Shopping
- Community
Bibliography

From the Paper
"Human Health Effects. Research in the US and Canada has repeatedly documented a strong correlation between high ozone levels and rates of hospitalization and worker absenteeism. Ontario studies have shown that in the months May to August, approximately five per cent of daily respiratory hospital admissions are associated with ozone. Other findings have shown hospital admissions linked to ozone occurring at levels well below the current national air quality objective of 82 ppb, with the probability and severity of health effects increasing with increasing exposure. Furthermore, it appears that there is no human health threshold for ozone, that is, there is no level that can be deemed safe. Populations more sensitive to ozone exposure include young children, the elderly, people with respiratory problems, and people active outdoors, particularly in the summer.
Impacts on human health related to high ozone levels are summarized below:
? respiratory system:
? lung functioning (coughing, shortness of breath, pain on inspiration, throat irritation, wheezing, chest tightness);
? chronic and acute bronchitis, asthma; and
? pulmonary emphysema;
? possible interference with the immune system; and
? headaches, burning eyes, irritated sinuses."

Tags:smoke, fog, toronto, energy

Abstract
This document examines the topic of sustainable tourism strategies. This topic investigates a variety of approaches that different markets have taken in order to develop sustainable tourism within their communities with a focus on urban and scenic tourism strategies. These principles are then discussed in relation to the Toronto and Niagara areas in Canada with an emphasis on developing a crisis management perspective and plan in order to implement contingencies should the area's tourism industry suffer a setback or downturn. The recommendation is that the market should adopt a greater degree of co-marketing agreements between travel and tourism industry competitors as well as with the community.

From the Paper
CRISIS MANAGEMENT IN THE TRAVEL AND TOURISM INDUSTRY: HOW TO ENSURE TOURISM IN THE NIAGARA AREA IS SUSTAINABLE ABSTRACT This document examines the topic of sustainable tourism strategies. This topic investigates a variety of approaches that different markets have taken in order to develop sustainable tourism within their communities with a focus on urban and scenic tourism strategies. These principles are then discussed in relation to the Toronto and Niagara areas in Canada with an emphasis on developing a crisis management perspective and plan in order to implement contingencies should the area's tourism industry suffer

Tags:crisis, management, travel

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that transportation woes are a problem that every city must confront at some point. With this in mind, the writer looks at the phenomenon of spatial mismatch and explores to what extent Toronto's poorest residents are concentrated in one place, while the job opportunities are concentrated elsewhere. The paper then examines how public transport in Toronto is letting those residents down as they seek employment opportunities. The paper analyzes studies which explore spatial mismatch in large urban centers and offers a critical analysis of one such source in particular by Karen Chapple. The paper also assesses what the study means for transportation geography/planning in Canada's largest city. In addition, the paper compares what Toronto appears to be presently doing - or is looking at doing in the near future - vis-a-vis transportation geography planning and what it should be doing. In the end, the paper concludes that Toronto should be devoting less time to a proposed Spadina Subway expansion and more time to a complex network of bus rapid transit (BRTs) and light rail transist (LRTs) systems that will actually cost less money in the long run.

Outline:
Introduction
A Review of the Karen Chapple Article
Implications of Her Article for Toronto
What Toronto is Doing Versus What it Should Be Doing
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The implications of the Chapple article for Canada's largest metropolitan center should be fairly obvious - even if this paper is more generally concerned with the geographical mismatch between jobs and poor job-seekers than is Karen Chapple. To start with, it is duly noted by Jean-Paul Rodrigue in his online text, The Geography of Transport Systems, that mobility is a reliable predictor of economic development. In other words, (urban) economies which develop a diversified and prosperous business and professional climate do so because human resources are readily connected to employment opportunities; at the same time, transportation networks link together all of the various aspects of production. Again, where there is mismatch there will be economic dysfunction and bridging the gap between the job-giving and the job-seeking will help cities like Toronto ameliorate their social ills."

Tags:infrastructure, land, transportation, system, urban, center

Abstract
This paper uses the example of Canada to illustrate the modern world's dependency on automobiles. The paper explains that cheap fuel, inexpensive cars and poor public transportation make it very easy and convenient for people to simply use automobiles for transportation and that, in order to reduce our dependency on automobiles, cities must adopt new urbanism planning models.

From the Paper
"Most people in todays society rely solely on their cars for means of transportation. With cheap fuel, inexpensive cars and poor public transportation, it is just easier for people to drive to where they want to go. Not only do most Canadians drive to work, fewer and fewer are choosing to take public transportation. Mainly because of a lack of federal funding, our transit systems aren't fast enough, direct enough or convenient enough to make them attractive options for more people. Currently, local and provincial governments spend nearly three billion dollars per year on transit, while the federal government provides no funding. To revitalize transit in Canada, federal and provincial governments should establish public transit improvement funds out of annual fuel-tax revenue (Torrie, 2004). By creating a better transit system that is more appealing to the masses, auto dependency would decrease. Cities like Vancouver and Calgary are utilizing more user friendly transportation systems. They have rapid transit systems that connect suburban areas to the downtown along major thoroughfares, as well as buses that link the more isolated areas to the rapid transit systems. Vancouver it is almost double the average U.S. cities transit level (Newmann, 1996). Meanwhile a city such as Winnipeg is so dependant on its automobiles it cannot begin to even attempt to utilize a rapid transit system. It has such a hold on the use of private autos that all of the streets are designed with the private automobile in mind. The physical layout of our cities creates an inelasticity of demand for automobile usage; to reduce demand is to cause considerable pain as alternatives simply do not exist (Newmann, 1996)."

Tags:travel, land, use, patterns, transport, urban, core, redevelopment, sustainable, private