Abstract
The following paper discusses acoustics signals that detect the presence and location of commercially useful fish, map the ocean floor to establish the safest paths for supertankers, explore the earth's geological formations and discover oil deposits in the ocean floor.

From the Paper
"At a bottom of the permanent thermocline or below it, water temperature is uniform. Here, the pressure of the water column due to the depth takes over. The sound speeds then increase on account of increase in pressure. (Pacific) The deep sound channel axis is between 600 and 1,200 m below the sea surface at low and middle latitudes. This is deepest in the subtropics and come to the surface in high latitudes, where sound propagates in the surface layer. (Pacific)
Sound waves can be "trapped" in the deep sound channel and propagate in long distances. This is because these waves go through little attenuation beyond that, and this is due to geometric scattering or spread as well as minor volume scattering in water."

Tags:environment, laboratory, amplitude, vibrations, particles, wavelength, distance, compression, wave, travels, single, cycle, vibration

Abstract
The term architectural acoustics refers to the creation of rooms or concert halls that provide musical sound of high quality. Acoustics are a challenge to all designers of concert halls. The architect aims for the best possible clarity of sound for a knowledgeable listener will hear immediately if the sound of a note is distorted by the interior of the place in which it is played.

Tags:design, concert, halls

Abstract
This paper examines architecture, acoustics and reflected sound. It explains how rooms and concert halls are designed to minimize reflected noise and enhance sound quality

Abstract
The following paper discusses elements such as room size, room composition, room shape, and the location of the listener and sound source, when designing theater acoustics. Finding the ultimate impulse response with testing is also discussed.

From the paper:

"It has been considered that gross errors in concert hall design are rarely due to use of the wrong absorption coefficients, as most of the materials used are highly reflective. A theater audience first hears sound generated from the source. Then they will hear attenuated bounces of sound off the walls. The sound is again and again reflected off the walls, resulting in total reverberation of the sound. In a large room such as a theater, reverberation time can be as long as four seconds."

Tags:impulse, response, mechanical, engineer, design, noise, absorption, coefficients, reverberation, time

Abstract
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a neuro-degenerative disorder producing deterioration of the motor cortex and motoneurons of the brainstem and spinal cord. In particular, patients are affected by the vulnerability of the cranial motoneurons that assist speech and swallowing. The disease usually leads to death in 3 to 5 years due to respiratory complications.

Tags:acoustics, perception speech

Abstract
The field of acoustic phonetics studies the transmission of speech sounds through the air from the speaker to the hearer and measures and analyzes the movement and vibration of the air. It defines categories of speech sounds that are used to form distinctions between words in languages. This paper shows that by looking at the anatomy and physiology of speech and analyzing sound waves and mechanisms, we can create many interesting and useful applications in the field of sound. It shows how we can look at the influence of context on speech sound production, as well as develop applications to help those with disabilities that impair their communication ability. The paper shows how acoustic phonetics is applied to communications disorders and mentions the problem in this field in which all the early sound spectrograph and wave-form editors focused on analysis of the male voice spectrum, leaving out disabled women.

From the Paper
"In theory we can talk about phonetics without reference to phonology which is the actual pronunciation of words and sentence, the regular patterning that occurs, and why the sound "ing" used at the end of the word "sing" for example, never occurs at the beginning of a word. But in fact, we can only truly define phonology in relation to phonetics, which deals with all speech sounds. Phonetics has taught us that although humans are capable of producing an enormous number of speech sounds, each language uses only some of the sounds available, and no two languages have exactly the same set of speech sounds. Even more interesting, each language organizes and makes use of sounds in its own particular way."

Tags:communications, disorders, male, voice, spectrum

Abstract
This paper compares and contrasts Jacques Cousteau's discoveries with American underwater scientists during the same timeline. It specifically compares his work to that of the American underwater scientist named Charles William Beebe. The paper concludes that Cousteau's work overshadowed that which was produced by the rest of the world although many of his ideas and discoveries were closely related to the work of the American, Charles William Beebe.

Table of Content:
Jacques Cousteau
Charles William Beebe
The Bathysphere
The Lime Diving Suit
The Invention of SCUBA
Underwater Photography
The Bathyscaphe
Cousteau's Growing Media Career
Environmental Activism
Cousteau's Achievements and Record

From the Paper
"Jacques Cousteau's list of achievements and awards is very extensive for an equally extensive and amazing career span of more than sixty years. During his career he discovered species of animals and sea creatures that had never before been seen by a human eye, he led ground breaking expeditions around the world and to foreign parts of the world, including Antarctica, he developed diving equipment used by military forces and scientists alike, he developed methods of raising ships that had sunk over 130 feet to the surface so that they could be repaired and put back into service, he perfected underwater broadcasting, and created some of the worlds most riveting underwater documentaries and films. Cousteau founded environmental organizations, and non-profit organizations for the protection of the environment, he invented turbosails, and studied natural disasters as well as environmental disasters caused by human error, such as the oil spills in Alaska. His work has been recognized world wide by world leaders and organizations. He has been received by the President of the United States in the White House and he has been invited to address the UN Environmental Conferences, he has also been appointed to many international boards concerning the environment and ecosystems."

Tags:scuba, bathysphere, diving

Abstract
This paper is based on an article about muscle tension dysphonia and whether different acoustic measures worked. The primary goal was to research whether acoustic evidence exists for articulatory changes accompanying successful management of MTD. The researchers' goal was to determine whether targeting hyolaryngeal structures would lead to phonatory improvements and whether it affects changes to the supraglottal articulation. The researchers wanted to study whether manual circumlaryngeal techniques or acoustic techniques make a difference.

From the Paper
"The primary goal was to research whether acoustic evidence exists for articulatory changes accompanying successful management of MTD. The researchers' goal was to determine whether targeting hyolaryngeal structures would lead to phonatory improvements and whether it affects changes to the supraglottal articulation. The researchers wanted to study whether manual circumlaryngeal techniques or acoustic techniques make a..."

Tags:acoustic, articulatory, sysphonia

Abstract
This essay will discuss the various considerations that go into the design of a room or concert hall with the aim of producing acoustically enhanced sound and music quality. In general, the sound levels that can be heard by the human ear is between the range of 20 to 20,000 Hz.

Abstract
The violin is both a work of art and a musical instrument. Its complex and often disputed history is explored in this paper. The paper begins by introducing the instrument and then discusses a brief history of its development. The violin's construction is examined as well as its sound, tone and acoustics.
Introduction
History of the Violin
Violin Construction
Sound, Tone and Acoustics
Conclusions/Analysis

From the Paper
"The violin is one of the most remarkable and at the same time complex of string instruments. One cannot argue that the violin of today is both a work of art and a musical instrument that must be appreciated for its complexity and brilliance. The quality of sound and tonal differentiations produced when playing depend on many factors, including the construction of the actual instrument itself and the skill of the player.
The history of the violin is long and highly debated. There are those that claim the violin has been in existence since early biblical times, whereas others argue that the true violin as we know it today did not emerge until the mid 17th to eighteenth centuries. These differences in opinion are due largely to one's interpretation of the violin."

Tags:music, acoustics