Abstract
The paper argues that military tribunals are necessary and perfectly acceptable in post-9/11 America because there are constitutional and legislative precedents which allow for them. The paper asserts that as long as the President follows basic international laws vis-a-vis the treatment of prisoners who are detained and brought before American military tribunals, he is under no obligation to grant them the same constitutional rights and protections American citizens would enjoy in a civilian court-room.

From the Paper
"Of course, critics of the existing military tribunals are legion - not least of all because the tribunals have in place laws that seem diametrically opposed to the procedural (even substantive) laws that have under-girded Anglo-American law for centuries. When the Bush Administration first set forth its guidelines for military tribunals near the end of 2001, the public outcry was considerable for the simple reason that the new measures seemed remarkably free of any rules at all. For instance, the Bush policy precluded any review of tribunal decisions by an independent court; as well, the rules of evidence were such that any material submitted for the tribunal's consideration was admissible just so long as it had "probative value to a reasonable person" (Knowland, para.8). Going further, convictions and sentencing required only a two-thirds vote and not unanimity."

Tags:international, law, detainees, prisoners, Bush, Administration

Abstract
This paper explores the growing cocaine and marijuana market in Latin American countries and the lack of local resources available to prevent this valuable and profitable industry from expanding even more. The writer of this paper details the U.S. military's role in aiding these countries, as well as the cost to the American people, while pondering if the American military should even be involved in drug related issues outside the U.S. The cost for the military intervention in the war on drugs continues to rise and has created entirely new perceptions about money and the military both within and outside the U.S. This paper discusses the military involvement in the war on drugs and cites the leading recipients of aid, military equipment, training and personnel. This paper also delves into a program, involving military participation, which was recently introduced in Congress, called the Western Hemisphere Drug Elimination Act. This act would authorized $2.3 billion over three years for military hardware, personnel, training and a small amount for alternative crop development in various Latin American countries.

From the Paper
"Even though the House and various representatives have called on military action, the Pentagon was reluctant- albeit, it finally was dragged into it. Even though the Pentagon budget continues to grow, year after year, there are still concerns that legislators who dole out the tens of millions of dollars are underestimating the total cost. In a recent report to the House and Senate armed services committees, the Department of Defense estimated that "24-hour surveillance of the U.S. 'southern fence', the border from Jacksonville, Florida, to San Diego, full interdiction capability, and C13 programs, would cost between $480.4 million and $760.5 million annually, depending on the equipment mix ." All this money without a single soldier leaving the continental U.S.- even though advisers may now be operating in the various targeted Latin American countries. All that has been publicized, and strongly so, are planes and equipment, everything from helicopters to flame throwers which are supposed to be used by the local troops."

Tags:drugs, congress, government, military, american, u.s., columbia, financial, aid, cocaine, marijuana, narcotics

Abstract
This paper discusses the need to transform the US military in order to optimize its capabilities both for overseas warfare and domestic warfare. The paper explains that there are two challenges facing the military which require its transformation: it must become a more lethal force, which can be mobilized overseas, and must play a major role in homeland security. The paper then explains that the transformation of the U.S. military is basically a plan of modernization, which integrates new concepts, organizations and technology.The paper relates that, as the Army continues to fight in more non-traditional environments, including heavily urbanized terrain, the elements of the military need to be treated holistically as part of a system-of-systems

Table of Contents
Homeland Security
Northern Command (NORTHCOM) and Homeland Security
National Guard as the Lead Military Agency in Homeland Security
U.S. Army Transformation

From the Paper
"The experience of military forces in both Afghanistan and Iraq has led the U.S. administration to believe that there should be a change in the U.S. army. Both the Army and the Marine Corps that were assigned in Iraq found out that there is a need for more protection. There became a particular need for what is now known as Medium-Armor Units composed of armored vehicles that are heavier than Humvees but are lighter than Abram or Bradley Tanks. It was noted that as the tanks were effective, they were too much and are often described as "overkill" to most cases."

Tags:domestic, overseas, soldiers, approaches, mobility

Abstract
This case study examines the issues surrounding the influence, intervention, sanctions, and programs applied toward Indonesia support. Key to this study are the individual people, groups, and institutions surrounding the successes and failures in this assistance and the motivations, perceptions, and agendas involved.

Table of Contents
Introduction
History
Historical Overview of Indonesia and United States' National Security Interests
U.S. Military Assistance Prior to Sanctions and How Funding was Used
Sanctions
Aim
Objectives
The Informal Universe
Issue Leaders
Overview
Indonesia Players
Institutional Linkage
Human Rights Watch
Nike
United States Military Collaboration
Issue Clusters
Assessment
Appendix A
Appendix B
Bibliography

From the Paper
"According to the U.S. Department of State's Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs , Indonesia is a strategic key to our National Security interests. Located strategically alongside several important international maritime crossroads, ingress to the United States from the sea must be managed from such strategic locations. The United States enjoys a reliable relationship with Indonesia at this time; playing a significant role in its independence and supporting its anti-communistic position during the Cold War has worked to repay our nation in 'cordial and cooperative relations' today. Jemaah Islamiyah - a terrorist organization - made its presence known to Indonesia during terrorist attacks on Bali (October 2002) and Jakarta (August 2003). Occurring so close to the United States attacks of September 11, 2001, the alliance - although not a formal treaty - has meaning and value to both countries."

Tags:diplomatic, state, department, national, security

Abstract
This paper proposes a research study on Security Assistance Officers, or SAOs, who are U.S. military members authorized and trained as diplomatic specialists and used by the United States to help foster security assistance relationships. The writer explains that SAOs tend to have diverse backgrounds and leadership capabilities that mesh with security assistance assignments. The paper defines key terms, and discusses many of the major challenges faced by SAOs, particularly those working in Cairo, Egypt. The paper provides the example that the ideas, behaviors, values, and norms between Americans and host nation counterparts can cause cultural friction, potentially isolating SAOs from the local community. The paper concludes that SAOs need the skills and wisdom to lead effectively in multicultural environments, and extensive development in global and cultural leadership is needed to improve the chances of success. This paper includes illustrative tables and figures.

Outline:
The General Nature of the Problem
Background
Statement of the Problem
Definition of Terms
Questions To Be Addressed:
Contribution to the Field of Organizational Leadership
Research Time Table
References
Appendix A

From the Paper
"Although the CCAI is a good tool for analyzing cultural competency, it does not cover every desired characteristic and behavior as identified in the body of literature. In particular, the CCAI lacks dimensions to measure the global/cultural characteristics of "cognitive skills", "engagement in personal transformation", "inquisitiveness", "cultural knowledge", "motivation to work in an international environment", "networking skills", "social judgment skills", and "social skills" (Jokinen et al, 2005). To supplement self-understanding of external perceptions by their foreign counterparts, and to evaluate dimensions not cover in the CCAI, qualitative research will be used."

Tags:rank, mentality, weapon, psychology

Abstract
This paper traces the history of African-American Islam, especially the the Nation of Islam (NOI). The author describes the ways that Black Muslims have develop a well-formed presence as a "fifth column" within U.S. institutions over the past four decades. The paper stresses that the merging of the preachings of NOI with mainstream Islamic thought should be another alert on the Global War on Terror (GWOT) front. The author concludes that a blatant danger could be posed from inside the military and government institutions and this must be understood and addressed.

Table of Contents:
The Short History of African-American Islam
Is the Enemy Within?
The Politically Correct Jihad

From the Paper
"Several recruiting methods have served both the NOI and other Islamic groups over the years. It has been well-documented that prisons are fertile grounds for organized efforts to recruit converts to Islam, and the clerics backed by Saudi-funded, Muslim-American organizations have been the instrument for indoctrination. Even Senate hearings were conducted in 2003 to address recruitment and infiltration of Islamist in the US penal system and the military."

Tags:rhetoric, nation of islam, fifth column, mainstream jihad

Abstract
The military policy of "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" was developed to be a compromise between those who felt homosexuals should be allowed to serve in the military and those who wished them banned. However, due to multiple international conflicts, such as the war in Iraq, the Pentagon has issued a stop loss order for military personnel and the discharge of openly gay military members has, in many cases, been suspended, by simply ignoring claims of homosexuality or using the loophole that was devised to be able to retain members if needed. This paper examines the topic and shows that this hypocritical waffling is one of the military's biggest labor relations issues that needs to be addressed immediately.

From the Paper
"Although some gay servicemen have been discharged since the United States went to war in Iraq, cases such as Nguyen's and Hill's show that this is not always the case. Not only are military commanders not accepting simply a statement of homosexuality as proof, but also they are relying on the "for the good of the service" loophole to retain homosexual service members as well. As situations in other parts of the world intensify, such as Korea, Iran and Syria, and military troops are spread thinner, it is likely that the "Don't ask, don't tell" policy will continue to be overlooked and the built in loophole utilized more and more to retain all members of the service, no matter what their sexual orientation."

Tags:gay, lesbian, Thang, Nguyen

Abstract
This paper is an in-depth examination of the American public's support military involvement during the Clinton/Gore administration. The author looks at several gallop poll surveys taken to gauge the American public's support for military involvement in areas around the globe. The polls taken include questions about Kosovo, the Balkans, Panama and the Middle East. The results of these surveys show that although there was wide public support to keep the military strong and prepared during this administration, when it came to actually sending troops into battle, the support was mixed. This, the author states, is keeping with American tradition of wanting to have strong military, but avoiding unnecessary involvement in conflicts abroad.

From the Paper
"Thus when one asks the question of how high was the level of public support for U.S. military involvement during the Clinton/Gore administration, one must be content to allow for some measure of uncertainty in the answer. There is also, in this case, the fact that "U.S. military involvement" is not a homogeneous principle. Some wars are in general considered to be "good" wars. Most Americans think that their country did the right thing in World War II. The level of public support is much less, of course, for Vietnam. There are no doubt Americans who passionately believe that the United States has done the right thing by intervening in the Balkans but thinks that we should stay out of the Middle East, just as there are no doubt Americans who think that we should be much more activist in the Middle East but stay as far away as possible from the political, military and historical powder keg of the Balkans."

Tags:opinion, public, defense, administration, gore, clinton, gallup, vietnam, middle, east, balkans, miltary, war, region, forces, armed, intervention

Abstract
This essay focuses on the national debate in the US as to whether there should be military intervention in Iraq if the weapons inspectors are hindered. The writer presents an analysis of the arguments both for and against intervention and highlights the position of President Bush and those who oppose him. The paper maintains that Iraq has attempted to create weapons of mass destruction and needs to be stopped. It concludes by arguing that there is currently worldwide support for a US led initiative and this makes it an opportune time to persevere in attempting to bring stability to the region.

From the Paper
"There is a nationwide debate-taking place about whether or not the U.S. should intervene militarily if Iraq hinders the weapons inspection process. The debate is not just across political party lines, Americans from all walks of life are contemplating this decision. If war is declared with Iraq, the U.S. and hopefully, their allies, will be looking at a military campaign with the use of ground troops, possibly occupying Iraqi cities. I believe there is credible evidence that Iraq has attempted to produce weapons of mass destruction and should be stopped."

Tags:national, debate, analysis, mass, destruction, worldwide, support, currently, stability, region

Abstract
The paper discusses the case of Jose Padilla, arrested on May 8, 2002 because it was believed that he was conspiring with Al Qaeda Terrorist to detonate a radioactive "dirty bomb" within the U.S. The paper shows that Padilla's arrest and subsequent imprisonment has been the subject of an on-going legal debate and at the present time Padilla is being held as an enemy combatant, which means that he is subject to Military Tribunal instead of the civil court system and can be held without being charged until the War On Terrorism is over. The essay discusses both sides of this legal debate and determines which viewpoint is the most constitutional and credible.

From the Paper
"Many legal experts believe that the U.S. does not have grounds to hold him as an enemy combatant. They contend that his imprisonment is unconstitutional because he is being held even though he has not been charged with a crime. Padilla's lawyer believes that he is in custody based on information that is circumstantial and that he should be released. They also believe that his detainment is based on the idea that he may be able to provide investigators with important information about forthcoming terrorist attacks on the country."

Tags:Attorney, General, John, Ashcroft, Quirin, Posse, Comitatus, Act