Abstract
In this article, the writer examines some of the characteristics of typicality, with regard to prototypically versus non-prototypically, category blocking, and interaction between typicality and category blocking.

From the Paper
"The authors tested three hypotheses. (1) Prototypical word lists will be recalled better than non-prototypical word lists. (2) Category blocking will demonstrate better recall rates than random retrieval. (3) There will be some interaction between typicality and category blocking, specifically that the typicality effect will be significantly greater when words are blocked versus presented randomly."

Tags:lab, report, typicality

Abstract
This paper explains that the purpose of this study was to examine some of the characteristics of typicality, with regard to proto-typically versus non-proto-typically, category blocking, and interaction between typicality and category blocking. The authors tested three hypotheses: (1) Prototypical word lists will be recalled better than non-prototypical word lists. (2) Category blocking will demonstrate better recall rates than random retrieval. (3) Some interaction will exist between typicality and category blocking. The paper reports that there were ninety-one subjects participating in this survey, divided roughly evenly between males and females. The author concludes that the main effects of the hypotheses all proved to be significant, while the interaction was not significant.

Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Discussion

From the Paper
"Typicality is a simpler concept to understand than it might at first seem. Loken and Ward (1990) define typicality as the degree to which an object is representative of a given category. This basic and fundamental relationship exists between typicality and categories. For instance, a newborn canary might be considered less typical of the canary category than his fellow nestling if said canary sports blue feathers instead of yellow. This example is that of an atypical individual, one that does not easily fit into our preconceived notions of what constitutes a typical member of a group."

Tags:categorization, comprehend, brain, perception, survey

Abstract
The paper explains that the framing effect is typically observed when the description of options in terms of gains, or a positive frame, rather than losses (negative frame) results in systematically different choices. The paper notes that few theories explain the framing effect by using cognitive information-processing principles, but this paper endeavours to illustrate this documented psychological and behavioural trend. More specifically, this paper provides an examination of the framing effect through the evaluation of an empirical study on the effect of question framing on the individual's conception of choice. The paper describes how study participants were offered parallel options that were presented to the subject in a specific way.

From the Paper
"The framing effect is typically observed when the description of options in terms of gains, or a positive frame, rather than losses (negative frame) results in systematically different choices. Few theories explain the framing effect by using cognitive information-processing principles,..."

Tags:framing, choice, cognition

Abstract
In her memoir "Waist-High in the World", author Nancy Mairs writes candidly about how having multiple sclerosis (MS) had impacted her self-image, body image, and day to-day activities and life overall. This paper shows that Mairs's detailed reflections on dealing with multiple sclerosis (MS) shed light on the myriad physical, psychological, emotional, and other challenges that typically fill the lives of those with MS. This paper discusses the disease and how it most typically impacts its victims, as well as their families and friends.

From the Paper
"However, not all cases are equal (in fact none are): in symptoms; progression, or severity. One person's MS symptoms and disabilities from the disease, will most often be entirely different from those of someone else. Moreover, even if someone develops severe physical limitations as a result of the disease, these may not and often do not show up until the disease has progressed for a considerable time - perhaps 25 to 30 years after diagnosis."

Tags:central, nervous, system, brain, autoimmune

Abstract
The paper discusses the conventional wisdom of the 1960s and 1970s that divorce did not harm children and families were better off after a divorce of unhappily married parents. The paper examines the research and illustrates how divorce harms children in the short-term and long-term. The paper reveals that children of divorced parents typically suffer developmentally, emotionally, educationally, financially, have difficulties forming and sustaining intimate relationships of their own and are more prone to crime. The paper therefore concludes that the conventional wisdom of the 1960s has turned out to have been empirically untrue.

From the Paper
"In the 1960s and 1970s; with the 'Sexual Revolution' having now been made possible by the first-ever widespread use of birth control pills by young women; and with 'No Fault Divorce' having becoming law in the pioneering state of California in 1969, the divorce rate itself began to slowly rise to the historic height it reached at the end of the 20th century (Wallerstein 1989). "In 1950 for every hundred children born, that year, 12 entered a broken family --- four were born out of wedlock and eight suffered the divorce of their parents. By the year 2000 that number had risen five fold and for every 100 children born 60 entered a broken family: 33 born out of wedlock and 27 suffering the divorce of their parents (Fagan May 13, 2004). Clearly then, divorce does harm children, in ways that are not commonly realized but that also arguably take a severe toll on our entire, increasingly divorce-prone society."

Tags:mental, health, finance, development

Abstract
This paper provides an analysis of the potential effect that outsourcing would have on the IT functions in the information systems area of an online business. The paper discusses what factors must be considered in making the decision to outsource or not, the risks and benefits associated with outsourcing the IT function, and typical cost origins in outsourcing agreements. The paper presents some examples of the associated dollar amounts involved. An assessment of the implications of using an outsourced IT department on organizational structures is followed by a summary of the research in the conclusion.

From the Paper
"Over the last decades, businesses have invested handsomely in communications technology in order to better leverage their revenues. Today, more than ever, having the ability to access important data remotely and to communicate is crucial. Online businesses competing in the modern and increasingly globalized marketplace must focus the abilities on gaining access to information quickly, securely, and reliably. Virtually all online companies must have access to various effective IT functions in order to conduct business, but the time may well come when the demands outweigh the company's ability to provide these services internally."

Tags:internet, globalization, company

Abstract
"A classic landscape in American life is the Northeastern Central City, identified most closely with the density of New York City. This central area is also identified as the Central Business District, and it differs in tone from the Midwestern main street in terms of reputation.

From the Paper
"A classic landscape in American life is the Northeastern Central City, identified most closely with the density of New York City. This central area is also identified as the Central Business District, and it differs in tone from the Midwestern main street in terms of reputation. The Midwestern main street is identified as representing "a balanced community, populated by property-mined, law-abiding citizens devoted to free enterprise and a certain kind of social morality" (Knox and Marston 459). The Northeastern Central City, on the other hand, is identified with a greater freedom, a certain sense of danger, the perception of high crime (not always deserved), based on unlimited opportunities, and with a mixed population not always in agreement so that urban tensions are high. Such a city has come to be identified with America for many reasons, not the ..."

Abstract
This paper discusses how the Industrial Revolution in England, while benefiting consumers and factory, mill and coal mine owners, created slums, took advantage of workers, and led to children as young as eight working instead of going to school. The writer explains that there were no laws against child labor and although various reform bills and factory bills were introduced in Parliament in the 19th century, the real problem with trying to reform the condition of the typical worker was that the economy and world dominance of the nation was considered more important than the health and rights of the individual. Finally, in 1880 came the Employers' Liability Act for manual workers except for seamen and domestic servants. It gave to injured employees or their dependents the same rights to recover damages from their employers that non-employees always had.

From the Paper
"Throughout the 19th century there continued to be a struggle between the government reformers who were appalled at some of the working conditions, especially where it concerned children and women, and factory owners who (as was cited earlier) felt that any disruption of their labor practices would hurt England's economy and world leadership. However, various so-called "Factory Acts" were passed, each one supplementing the one before, or making sure that any misconceptions were solidified."

Tags:Victorian machinery furnace sweatshop, Poor Laws, legislation industrialized

Abstract
Maintaining relatively stable prices is one of the major concerns in all capitalist economies. History shows us that, left to its own devices,the capitalist economies undergo frequent "business cycles" that typically consist of a period of surging economic growth interrupted by economic crises,often accompanied by the collapse of the monetary system. Alternate bouts of inflation or deflation can also occur if the money supply in an economy is not controlled. Most advanced countries in the world take measures to keep the price stable. In the United States, the Federal Reserve Bank was created in 1913 to avoid such undesirable movements in the economy. This paper examines the causes and consequences of inflation and deflation and the role of the Federal Reserve Bank in the prevention of inflation and deflation and maintaining price stability. It also looks at the limitations of the Federal Reserve in this regard.

Paper Outline
Inflation Defined and its Measures
Types of Inflation
Causes of Inflation
Deflation: Definition and Measures
Causes of Deflation
How Inflation or Deflation May Damage Economic Stability
The Role of Federal Reserve in Ensuring Price Stability
Limitations of Fed?s Role in Regulating the Economy
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Keynesian economists emphasize the role of aggregate demand in the economy rather than the money supply in determining inflation. They believe that there is an inverse relationship between inflation and unemployment (as explained by the Philips curve ) and that price stability was a trade-off against employment. Keynesian theorists have also advanced the concept of natural Gross Domestic Product (a level of GDP where the economy is at its optimal level of production). According to this concept, if GDP exceeds its natural level, inflation will rise as suppliers increase their prices. On the other hand, if GDP falls below its natural level, inflation will decrease as suppliers attempt to fill excess capacity. (Ibid.)"

Tags:capital, interest, rates, export

Abstract
This paper explains that, with gas prices across the country reaching record levels, understanding the theory of demand elasticity of gasoline has assumed new importance for policymakers and consumers. The author stresses that gasoline has no close substitutes; gasoline, in much of the United States, is a necessity and has only a moderate affect on the budgets of the non-poor. The paper demonstrates that, even though there are an enormous number of players in the gasoline market and confounding variables, economists are still able to gauge with a fair degree of accuracy just how much driving the average American consumer will be willing to forego: The typical American consumer may be willing to give up something of minor consequence involving gasoline; but, in general, Americans love to drive and they are going to buy gasoline.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Economic Theory of Demand Elasticity
Empirical Data Relating to Demand Elasticity
Analysis of the Data
Figure: Individual and Market Demand Curves
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Demand elasticity relates to how much consumers are willing to pay for something based on their individual needs and wants on an aggregated basis; economists measure this degree of elasticity along a price elasticity of the demand curve. According to Robert E. Kuenne (1968), "The degree of downward reaction of the amount demanded to a price rise or upward reaction to a price fall is measured by the economist at any given point on the demand curve with a concept called the price elasticity of the demand curve" (127). Therefore, the degree by which quantity changes as price changes is the percentage change in quantity to the percentage change in price (% Change in Quantity / % Change in Price).

Tags:hoarding, variables, inelastic, substitutes, change