Abstract
Sir Charles Eastlake and Mrs. Merrifield added much, perhaps indirectly, to our knowledge of 19th century English artists' techniques. This paper examines their milieu, and how they gained interest in the painting that they wrote upon, along with their published contributions to fine art scholarship. Both authors are looked at in the light of a particular cultural and intellectual environment.

Tags:english, artists', techniques

Abstract
This paper addresses the following question. The 18th century English writer Henry Fielding called the Odyssey "that eating poem." Focusing on specific passages, discuss food as a site of conflict, community, or cultural transaction in the Odyssey.

Tags:LITERATURE / ENGLISH LITERATURE, writer henry fielding

Abstract
This paper examines how eighteenth century English experienced a dramatic change in its culture and their economy. As the boundaries of the United Kingdom expanded world over, its interaction with several other cultures increased. The paper shows that because of this increased interaction with other cultures, the British culture itself went through a cultural change. In addition to this, several developments made in the areas of science and technology led towards an industrial revolution in England. The paper discusses how, as a result of the industrial revolution, the merchant class emerged as one of the most influential and authoritative group. Considering the enormous growth potential in the industrial sector, the English society adopted a purely mercantilist approach towards trade and commerce. The paper shows that with the increase in industrial developments in the region, the rural population of the country started to shift to the urban areas and thus the overall societal structure of England was changed.

From the Paper
"All these developments made a far-reaching impact on the British culture. The consequences of the Industrial Revolution not only brought a change in population but also led to a drastic change in many societal aspects. It totally changed the utilization of labor in the British economy, the family structure, the economic system, the educational system and most importantly the individual's life style. The merchant class of England was the mostly affected group in this regard, as it composed of a considerable number of those people who previously belonged to the rural population. These individuals later totally changed their way of living, which was obviously a result of their exposure to the urban culture, increase in their income and changes in the society because of industrial revolution."

Tags:England, mercantilist, urbanization

Abstract
This paper studies the emergence and social and economic impact of the merchant class in England during the 18th century. The paper explains that as a result of the industrial revolution, the merchant class gained influence and authority. The paper traces this process, beginning with British society adopting a purely mercantilist approach towards trade and commerce and then the shifting of population centers from rural to urban areas. The paper then looks at how this shift impacted English attitude toward trace and commerce, commenting that it opened up society's attitudes toward global expansion.

From the Paper
"There were some other factors as well, which affected the growth of the merchant class in eighteenth century England. In the eighteenth century, the British government imposed a legislation named "Enclosure Act", which encouraged the emigration of rural population to the cities. (Langford 70-72) In addition to this, higher wage rates prevailing in the urban labor markets encouraged the rural farmers and labors to move to cities in search for better opportunities so that they could improve their standard of living. This shift in population in turn influenced the growth of the merchant class. With the development of industries, several attractive commercial goods were made available in the cities. The availability of such commercial goods in the urban areas encouraged the urban populace to gain possession of these goods. Moreover, advancements in technology reduced the production cost and time of many goods. Several rural industries began to suffer because of the technological edge of the urban industrialists. This crisis also forced the urban people to adopt an urban way of life. (Langford 70)"

Tags:british, united, kingdom, industrial, revolution, commerce, trade, urbanization

Abstract
This paper examines the evolution in English literature through the 18th century in terms of style. The paper first describes how the century started with neo-classicism and ended with romanticism and explains that the latter can be seen as a revolt against the former. Neo-classicism is shown to be influenced by the rise of science, and the liberation in the arts brought about by the Restoration. The paper then charts how there is a gradual breaking away from the shackles of rationalism through the 18th century. The authors studied are Wycherley, Dryden, Pope, Gray, Burns, Blake, Richardson, Fielding and Bunyan.

From the Paper
"Even though tending towards popular sentiment, much of the literature accounted for so far remained beyond mass readership. The first widely popular book was John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress. The Puritans suffered suppression and imprisonment since the Restoration. Bunyan composed the book in prison, an allegorical account of life's journey, with Biblical significance. It too employed the simplicity of style that characterized the age, even though it stood up against the general trend. To sample the sparse simplicity, the pilgrims encounter the allegorical place of vane worldliness thus: "Then I saw in my dream, that when they were got out of the wilderness, they presently saw a town before them, and the name of that town is Vanity; and at the town there is a fair kept, called Vanity Fair: it is kept all the year long" (Bunyan, 1965, p. 105). Journalism was the other route to the heart of the people. "

Tags:Restoration, Dryden, Pope, Gray, Richardson, Fielding, Bunyan

Abstract
This paper addresses the 18th century and the rise of English towns, business and industry but also divided social classes. Urban improvement or progress greatly benefited the wealthy and segregated the poor who were much more numerous. Due to fears of public disorder, crime and criminal law came to address the lower classes and ideas of poor areas as synonymous with crime.

From the Paper
"In the early 21st century, one still sees environmental ideas of crime and criminality, in assumptions to do with inferior areas, poverty and deviance. One also notices ideas of `progress' or development that can resemble those of the 18th century's growth of English urban centers. Notions of those who break the law continue to refer to differences of social class, the lower classes associated with crime, just as the law has been a creation of those higher up the ladder, a familiar theme in much literature on crime and criminal law in Britain."

Tags:18thcbritain, riseoftowns, order/law

Abstract
This paper explores the changes, which took place in the English country house during the 18th century. The author argues that these developments occurred as a microcosm to the rest of the nation. The paper contends that it was the confluence of classicist and romantic influences which made the interior architecture of the period so striking.

From the Paper
"The 18th century has been regarded as the epitome of the development of elegance of interior architecture throughout the Western world. Many critics believe that this century is unmatched in the history of the West with regard to the development of interior architectural styles. It is certain that during this century, perhaps more so than any other in recent historical memory, the development of interior styles was nearly without rival. Nowhere has this trend been more evidenced than in 18th century England in which the development of interior styles came head to head with various other socio-cultural forces to produce one of the most memorable periods in the history of design."

Tags:interior, architecture, england

Abstract
The paper shows that the English stage during the late 17th century was a time of rebuilding, and also a time of creation. There were many different ideas on what theater should be and it was very common for one person to have an idea, and as soon as it was known, opposing ideas were quickly published, followed by various defenses of the original idea. The paper discusses several people who were well known for their opinions from that time period, including Jeremy Collier, John Dryden, Alexander Pope, William Congreve and William Stubbs.

From the Paper
"When the Stuart Dynasty returned to the throne of England in 1660, the playhouses were reopened. In August, Charles II issued patents for two companies of players, and performances immediately began. However, theater had evolved a bit. The Royalty and the Nobility, as well as a few independent companies now owned theatrical troupes. Often the ones that had permanent theaters such as Convent Garden, Drury Lane and Dorset Garden had Noble backers to provide for the upkeep. Costumes were often second hand garments that the nobility no longer desired. Slowly the better-kept theaters became places to see and be seen. Often what was going on in the auditorium was just as much, or more interesting then what was on stage. The style of the play writing was of a lesser form then that of the Elizabethan plays. It frequently utilized stereotypes and stock characters."

Tags:Elizabethan, Heroic, Stanzas, The, Old, Batchelor, An, Essay, on, Criticism

Abstract
This paper examines the 18th century British criminal justice system as an expression of class, property and power. Douglas Hay's article "Property, Authority and Criminal Law" argues that the 18th Century British criminal justice system was based on terror and directed principally to the protection of property. Academic responses, both pro and con, are subsequently evaluated.

Abstract
The paper identifies some of the various occupational guilds that existed in Geoffrey Chaucer's Fourteenth century England. The paper aims to show how occupational guilds were a pervasive part of fourteenth century English life - and also a significant, if not all-encompassing, part of the lives of their members.

Tags:guilds, geoffrey, chaucer