Abstract
This paper explains that one of the things making tsunamis so hard to cope with is that, while scientists can often predict a tsunami will occur, they can't predict how severe it will be. The author points out that, since one of the greatest concerns after a tsunami is disease, world organizations should make more effort to make sure people all over the world, but especially along the oceans, are vaccinated against such common diseases. The paper stresses that tsunamis are devastating events, but part of the problem is mankind's false sense of security, that they are safe wherever they go and that they have conquered Mother Nature.

Table of Contents
The Problem
What Causes Tsunamis?
Current Status of Problem
Efforts to Solve Problem
Personal Opinion

From the Paper
"Two events can trigger tsunamis: earthquakes and landslides, which can occur under water or along the coast. In each of these cases, the event displaces water upward, creating a rapidly-moving wave that may be barely visible on the open ocean but which swells, sometimes to 20 feet or more, as it approaches the sloping shore. Traveling rapidly, it destroys nearly all buildings in its wake and batters those who try to ride it out with debris from the destroyed buildings Tsunamis usually consist of several waves."

Tags:earthquakes, landslides, vaccination, drills, sensing

Abstract
This paper discusses the need for a rapid and reliable system for predicting and confirming the existence of a tsunami so that officials responsible for sounding the alarm of oncoming tsunamis are sufficiently prepared. The paper also describes efforts, by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to develop a network of six deep-ocean reporting stations that will track and report tsunamis in real time.

From the Paper
"The word "tsunami" has become quite the catch phrase in light of the events that took place December 26th, 2004. All of a sudden people are aware of the destructive and awesome power of the Earth's oceans. But the reality is that between 1990 and 1999 ten tsunamis took more than 4,000 lives. In all, during that time span, 82 were reported worldwide. The idea of a large tsunami striking a coastal area and wreaking havoc is therefore not new. It is in fact a highly studied and researched area of the Earth sciences. The author of the article TSUNAMI!, From the May 1999 issue of Scientific America, Frank I. Gonzalez , is just one of many scientists working at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, (NOAA), Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory in Seattle whose focus is on developing ways to predict and warn people about on coming tsunamis."

Tags:earthquake, strikes, coast, alaska, hawaii, undersea, displacement, sea, floor, coastal, shallow

Abstract
In this paper the author starts with an in-depth description of what a tsunami is and how it is caused. The author clearly defines that a tsunami is not a tidal wave. He then goes on to focus on the tsunamis that have occurred off the coast of Japan and what devastation they have brought to the local population. The paper concludes with a look at modern geology and how it can be used to try and prevent further tsunami disasters or at least how populations can be pre-warned.

From the Paper
"The Okushiri tsunami demonstrates how Japan, and many other nations threatened by tsunamis, have started to try to deal with these potent natural phenomena. Survey teams, including experts from Japan and the United States, were on the scene within hours of the quake and tsunami. The American scientists were part of the U.S-Japan Cooperative Program in Natural Resources (UJNR). They took measurements and eyewitness testimony to document the exact nature and extent of the disaster"

Tags:seismic, earthquakes, powerful, shore, water, harbour, coastal

Abstract
The paper examines what exactly a tsunami is, how tsunami waves are caused and the extent of the destruction that it may cause when it is formed and unleashed. The paper explains that a tsunami is a giant killer wave which causes large amounts of water to surge inland. The tsunami can kill people and destroy property and although there is nothing that can be done to prevent its occurrence, an early warning system may be sufficient to protect people and property. The paper concludes that the emphasis today must be more on installing more such systems so that people may live without fear of being engulfed at any moment by a destructive wave.

Contents:
What is a Tsunami?
Why Does a Tsunami occur, and What Causes It?
Examples of Killer Tsunamis and the Destruction That They Can Cause
The Need of an Early Warning System
Conclusion

From the Paper
"As already mentioned, a Tsunami is a giant wave that may occur in the ocean, or even in other large water bodies. It is a Japanese term that means 'water in the harbor', and it is also known in some parts of the world as a 'tidal wave' or a 'seismic sea wave'. A tsunami can in fact be categorized as being either regional, or local, or Pacific wide and the extent of the damage wreaked by the tsunami would define the term to be used. Regional tsunamis are quite common, and the destruction that it may bring is generally restricted to an aerial area. Local tsunamis are also awesome, and one example of a local tsunami is the July 9th 1958 local tsunami at Lituya Bay, Alaska. The wave run up is said to have exceeded nearly 485 meters, but the destruction was confined to within a restricted area. Pacific wide tsunamis are much rarer, but the destruction that such tsunamis may bring about is horrific and horrendous. (About Tsunamis: Pacific Tsunami Warning Center)"

Tags:wave, destruction, water

Abstract
This paper discusses tsunamis, wave trains, or series of waves, generated in a body of water by a sudden disturbance that vertically displace the water column. They ravage coastlines and can be deadlier than hurricanes. Whereas a hurricane is identified weeks in advance, a tsunami can often strike without warning. It examines how scientists have attempted to develop a methodology by which to determine areas where the underwater geography might be conducive to tsunami and have shown that outer continental shelf off southern Virginia and North Carolina is particularly susceptible. It concludes with suggestions of how the relevant communities should be prepared and forewarned before tsunamis strike.

From the Paper
"History has demonstrated to us that these landfall events are rare and usually precipitated by an earthquake. Rather than being constantly subjected to the randomness of geological whim, the Atlantic coast has only produced one tsunami over the course of the last 75 years. Although these tsunamis are deadly, their effects would be indistinguishable from the tidal effects of hurricanes that threaten to strike the eastern seaboard at least once every year. Rather than involve our selves in the costly business of timing tsunamis, the state might consider integrating safeguards into its shoreline infrastructure that would protect the local population against the sea."

Tags:hurricane, earthquake

Abstract
This paper defines the word "tsunami" and discusses the world wide interest in formulating an early warning system to prevent tidal waves such as that which occurred in previous years, from ever occurring again. The paper discusses various ideas and plans to install such systems and comments on their efficacy. It also discusses a proposed study, which seeks to identify the most effective method of coordinating and implementing a comprehensive integration of public and private services to provide the people of Thailand with a tsunami early warning system.

Outline:
Introduction
Background to the Study / Cause of the Problem.
Statement of the Problem / Problem Statement / Defining the Research Problem
Research Objective
Conceptualization
Method of Data Collection
Method of Data Analysis and Interpretation
Reference Technique Framework of the Proposed Dissertation

From the Paper
"A critical review of the relevant peer-reviewed, scholarly and organizational literature will be used to provide the background described above, as well as to identify any gaps in the existing tsunami warning system that are specifically relevant to Thailand's case. In this regard, Fraekel and Wallen (2001) emphasize that, "Both the opinions of experts in the field and other research studies are of interest. Such reading is referred to as a review of the literature" (p. 48). Likewise, Gratton and Jones (2003) note that a critical reviewing of the relevant literature is an important part of almost any type of research endeavor: "No matter how original you think the research question may be," they point out, "it is almost certain that your work will be building on the work of others."

Tags:early, warning, Tsunami, earthquake

Abstract
The deadliest tsunami in the Indian Ocean ever occurred at 7:59 AM local time on 26 December 2004. This paper looks at how the tsunami was one of the most damaging tsunamis observed in recent times and caused death to hundreds of thousands of people alongside billions of dollars worth of damage to the towns and villages affected. The paper examines the oceanic processes which led to the extent of the tsunami as well as the damage which was caused and the ways in which oceanographers can contribute to limiting damage from future tsunamis through monitoring the oceanic processes.

Outline:
Introduction
Oceanic Processes
Observations of Oceanic Processes
Data from Indian Ocean Area
Data from Outside Indian Ocean Area
Satellite Altimetry
Near Field
Far Field
Impact of the Disaster
Effects Near the Epicenter
Effects on Human Environments
Effects on Natural Areas
Monitoring and Prevention
Use of Data from the 2004 Tsunami
Predicting Future Tsunami Effects
Conclusions

From the Paper
"The 2004 tsunami was originally caused by an earthquake which occurred on the ocean floor, out at sea in the Indian Ocean. The specific type of earthquake was crucial in the type of tsunami which formed as a result. The specific earthquake was caused by thrusting type of source rupture. It created a megathrust earthquake which was moment magnitude 9.3. The earthquake occurred along 1300km of oceanic subduction zone in the eastern Indian Ocean which is located 100km west of Sumatra and the Nicobar and Andaman Islands (Stein & Okal, 2005). The seismic changes which occurred caused vertical displacements of up to 10m in the ocean floor. These were accompanied by sudden horizontal movements of up to 20m in adjacent plates. Overall it was a combination of these two thrusting movements which led to creation of highly destructive waves (Bilham, 2005)."

Tags:oceanic, processes, earthquake

Abstract
This paper explains that tsunami, powerful force of nature, is the term for a seismic sea wave generated by an undersea earthquake and an undersea landslide or volcanic eruption. Hurricanes and cyclones also can cause tsunamis, which are called storm surges. The author points out that in Japan, which has one of the most populated coastal regions in the world and a long history of earthquake activity, tsunamis have destroyed entire coastal communities. The paper discusses at length the most lethal tsunami ever recorded preceded, which the eruption of Krakato in 1883, on the island of Krakatoa in the Sunda Stratis between Sumatra and Java.

From the Paper
"Today, the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center, located in Honolulu and administered by the U.S. National Weather Service, tries to save lives and safeguard property from tsunami by monitoring seismometers and tide gauges throughout the Pacific. A major quake anywhere in this region rings warning bells and geophysicists scurry to decipher the quakes location and size. If they decide that the quakes generate tsunami, they then will issue a "tsunami watch" to all member nations it the Pacific, including (last but not least) Japan. When observers or instruments actually detect tsunami waves that "watch" becomes an official warning., and is updated as waves proceed."

Tags:seismic, earthquake, costal, warning, krakatoa

Abstract
This paper provides a comprehensive description of the cause and effect of the tsunami that hit Papua. New Guinea in 1998. The paper outlines and explains the issues involved in platetectonics and the physicality of tsunamis. Pictures are brought to illustrate the different aspects of the geography of the area and the geological occurrences before, during and after the tsunami.

From the Paper
"An earthquake with a magnitude of approximately 7.1 on the Richter scale occurred at 8:49 UTC, (Coordinated Universal Time) in the Bismarck Sea, on July 17th 1998 in the South Pacific Region, off the Northern coast of New Guinea, causing a geological phenomenon known as a tsunami. The earthquake was followed by a series of three waves affecting a 40-km length of coastline from the mouth of the Bliri River east of the Sierra Villages, to the town of Aitape; a tsunami wave of catastrophic proportions hit the shores of Papua New Guinea causing massive loss of life and millions of dollars of damage. The South Pacific is indigenous to tsunamis, earthquakes and volcanic eruptions within the Pacific plate and the Australian plate. 2182 people died as a result of the Tsunami and the run up of water that was associated with the tsunami. (ITST 1998)"

Tags:disasters, natural, platetectonics, subduction, waves, weather, zones, coastal

Abstract
This paper relates that the policy mandates of rebuilding efforts, proper financial monitoring in accounting practices for charitable organizations and disease control are the most important aspects of relief for tsunami relief efforts. The author points out that, by building homes cheaply yet with a solid foundation, there can be shelter for the homeless. The paper stresses that the proper control of donated money needs to be addressed through ethical accounting practices and making sure the money t gets to relief sites across India, Indonesia and Sri Lanka.

From the Paper
"This international policy analysis will reflect the goals of for disaster relief that should be implemented to help the thousands of people who perished in the tsunami. By analyzing rebuilding efforts, financial cost evaluation for relief, and the serious health issues that have arisen since the tsunami are the main goals to attend to at this critical point. In realizing how money is being spent for the relief of people stricken by the tsunami, one can develop policy suggestions that will help rebuild the nations destroyed in this natural disaster."

Tags:tsunami, asia, policy