This paper analyzes and examines anxiety disorders and bipolardisorder, including treatments available and recommendations for improving the awareness of these disorders.
Abstract Anxiety disorders and bipolardisorder are two of the most devastating psychological illnesses. Providing a concise and detailed overview of the various types of anxiety disorders and the different stages of bipolardisorder, as well as a discussion of treatment options, the author argues that while improvements have been made to the treatment and understanding of these illnesses, further improvements are necessary, including the integration of drug therapy and psychotherapy.
From the Paper "Despite the increasing awareness, education, knowledge, treatment, and understanding of psychological disorders, there is still no clear-cut, quick fix, and uniform method available to diagnose and/or eliminate (or at least reduce) mental illnesses and psychological disorders. Anxiety disorders and bipolar disorder are two of the most common mental illnesses that prevent an individual from functioning normally. While most individuals may arguably prefer to remain ignorant of the existence of anxiety disorders and/or bipolar disorder, the fact is that more than 23 million individuals suffer from anxiety disorders (Harvard, 1) while more than 3 million individuals suffer from bipolar disorder (Hollandsworth)."
Abstract This paper presents a general description of BipolarDisorder I, explaining that lays within the sphere of disorders that are primarily disorder of mood. The paper further discusses typical symptoms of BipolarDisorder I, its diagnosis, treatment methods for BipolarDisorder I, the goals of such treatment, cross-cultural issues, environmental issues and community referrals.
From the Paper "The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychological Association DSM-IV" places Bipolar Depression I within the sphere of affective disorders that are primarily disturbances of mood. More commonly known as a mood disorders, a distinction is made between Bipolar Depression I and Bipolar Depression II. Individuals with mood disorders have disturbances in their emotional states or moods. Two major mood disturbances are known as dysphoria and euphoria. In dysphoria, associated with depression, the individual feels overwhelming sadness while in euphoria, the opposite pole, individuals..."
Abstract This paper begins by introducing the concept of manic depression. It then discusses the suspected causes of bipolardisorder and its symptoms. The symptoms include highs and lows, mood swings and hypomania. The paper then addresses the phenomena of bipolar adolescents and discusses thought errors in bipolardisorder. The paper also examines the various forms of bipolar, ways in which it is diagnosed and different types of treatment.
From the Paper "Bipolar Disorder generally sets in during adolescence or early adulthood though it may also occur late in one's life or during childhood. It results in terrible mood swings ranging from mania and euphoria to depression and suicidal tendencies. The earlier a person is diagnosed with bipolar disorder the better. Medication is available for bipolar disorder, which helps control the mood swings and even treats the condition. Diagnosis of bipolar disorders can be done only by specialized psychiatrists and is done according to the criteria established by the American Psychiatric Association in the Diagnostic and Statistic Manual of Mental Disorders."
Abstract This paper discusses the physiological roots of bipolardisorder (commonly known as "manic depression") including neuroanatomy and neurotransmitters. It also discusses common treatments of bipolardisorder, and how medication available affects neurotransmitter levels and so inhibits symptoms.
Abstract The paper explains the symptoms of the disease known as bipolardisorder and relates that many people are not diagnosed with it until it is too late. The paper discusses the treatments available and notes that the key is continual treatment, rather than stopping and starting as many people are prone to do when they begin to feel better.
From the Paper "Bipolar disorder is a mood disorder characterized by states of depression swinging toward mania, with some "normal" states of behavior in between. In a state of mania, the person is incredibly positive and motivated; the text calls it "high" (p. 493), while in a depressed state the person is extremely unhappy, depressed, and unmotivated. In some cases, the mood swings can be less violent, with more periods of normal behavior in between, but there are always swings between depression and euphoria, and these swings are often quite uncharacteristic of the person's normal function and routines."
Abstract This paper explains that the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders" (DSM-IV), the main reference text for clinicians and psychiatrists, states that bipolardisorder affects males and females equally and that the first symptoms usually appear from the late teen years until the mid-30s. The author points out that the medical examination must include laboratory tests to rule out other causes of mania such as megaloblastic anemia, hyper- or hypoglycemia, systemic lupus, syphilis, HIV or liver disease. The paper relates there are three types of psychotherapy, which can reduce stress that may trigger depressive or manic episodes, especially during episodes of depression: Behavioral therapy, cognitive therapy and, interpersonal therapy.
From the Paper "There are several codes of ethics which impact directly on the mental health community such as the "Code of Ethics of the American Medical Association (AMA) which states that a physician ... shall safeguard a patient's confidences with the restraints of the law" and the "Ethical Principles of Psychologists which state that psychologists have a primary obligation and take reasonable precautions to respect ... confidentiality right". The essence behind all of these codes of ethics and confidentiality for patients of mental health is to build the trust the patient has in the system and not feel there is a certain sigma or association attached with the knowledge that others may know of his or her bipolar disorder or other mental illness. Patients can feel that they are still receiving the best treatment available yet still feel they are in control of the decision making process of their treatment. This must be taken into consideration within any clinical diagnostic setting from the moment the patient first arrives for treatment for his or her disorder. Legally, clinicians are bound by their confidentiality agreements with the patients and within their own associations as mentioned in the AMA guidelines. A breech of trust in confidentiality agreements are considered serious infractions and may cause a decline in a patient's treatment or mental state if medical details of a case is released without permission."
Abstract This paper looks at four areas of bipolardisorder, also known as manic depression. First, it identifies what bipolar actually is. Next, it explores the different subcategories of bipolar: bipolar I, bipolar II, and cyclothymic disorder. The paper focuses on treatment of the disorder, as well as how to cope if an individual or family member suffers from bipolardisorder.
From the Paper "Five years ago, my close friend Vanessa was diagnosed with a mental disorder. The illness, bipolar has wreaked havoc on the lives of Vanessa's friends, family and Vanessa herself. Even today, she continuously struggles to gain control of her illness. For centuries, people have dealt with mental disorders. These illnesses have affected their jobs, families, relationships and daily living. Afflicted individuals have been ousted by "normal" society due to ignorance. The purpose of this paper is to educate those "normal" people, by identifying and explaining bipolar, treatment, and ways to cope with this disorder."
Abstract This paper explains that, while there is no cure for bipolardisorder, there are numerous medications in combination with psychotherapy, which can assist a patient in leading a normal life. The author points out that the treatment of bipolardisorder can be a daunting task because not all types of bipolardisorder are alike and therefore some require different medications and other therapies. The paper relates that anti-depressants are used in the treatment of bipolardisorder but almost never as a mono-therapy because an antidepressant alone can cause manic symptoms or an acceleration of the illness in some patients.
From the Paper "Lithium does have side effects in some patients, which should be noted because of the risk of poor compliance from the patient. Some of its side effects include tremor, sedation, diarrhea, abdominal pain, indigestion, hypothyroidism and weight gain. These side effects are a major factor in non-compliance and have provoked many physicians into not prescribing it. If a patient decides to discontinue their lithium, there is a risk of recurrence of their symptoms. In one study, 50% of new episodes occurred within 10 weeks of discontinuation "
Abstract The paper discusses bipolardisorder, a brain disorder that causes unusual shifts in a person's mood, energy, and ability to function. The paper examines how those who suffer from bipolardisorder may suffer from extreme mood swings, alternating between depression and mania, which differ from the normal ups and downs experienced by most people. The paper further discusses how there are two types of bipolar - bipolar I and bipolar II, affecting approximately one percent of the population. The paper discusses various treatment options and concludes that bipolardisorder can be treated by medications, even though there is some disagreement as to its cause.
From the Paper "Because bipolar disorder is an affective disorder, it is characterized by extreme moods. However, one of the important things required for a diagnosis is to rule out external causes for the mood. Therefore, in order to be diagnosed with a mood disorder, the change in mood cannot be "due to external medication, drugs, or treatment for depression." (Wikipedia, "Bipolar Disorder"). Once external factors have been excluded, doctors can make a definitive diagnosis of a mood disorder. This can be difficult because there is a high incidence of alcohol or drug abuse in those with bipolar disorder."
Abstract This paper examines the prevalence of manic depression (or bipolardisorders) in children and adolescents. It discusses the symptoms and the diagnosis and describes the difficulties in diagnosis due to the complexity of bipolardisorder (BPD) in children and adolescents. It also looks at how these difficulties in diagnosis affect the ability to treat the disorder.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Diagnosis in Children and Adolescents
Outpatient Treatment Specific Outpatient Treatments Inpatient Treatment Medication
Comorbid Diagnosis: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Comorbid Diagnosis: Substance Abuse
Methodology
Conclusion
From the Paper "As a result of the research reviewed, future research should examine the effectiveness of specific family interventions such as IFT, FFT, and CBT, due to the profound impact families have on the success of treatment in youth with BPD. Empirical research should be developed to conclude best practice therapeutic techniques for the reduction of depression and mania in children, as well as pharmacological interventions. It would be useful to study, over a period of at least six months, the efficacy of specific family treatment modalities in bipolar diagnosed children. This would be based on psychotherapeutic goal achievement in areas such as social, emotional, and school functioning while focusing on family interaction and education. Controlled and experimental groups are needed to empirically determine which psychosocial approaches demonstrate the greatest efficacy (Rivas-Vazquez et al., 2002)."
Abstract The paper discusses the hallmark symptoms of bipolardisorder as compared to other types of depression and looks at the treatment involved. The paper relates that bipolardisorder is largely genetic but is also environmentally based and can be effectively managed and treated so the patient can lead a full and productive life.
From the Paper "While the mental health field is still in its relative infancy it has made many large discoveries and advances with regards to mental health issues and disorders in recent years. One of the most difficult yet treatable mental health disorders is Bipolar. Bipolar has a range of symptoms that can have an extremely negative impact on one's life as well as the lives of those around the Bipolar patient. While Bipolar is treatable it is not considered curable and when left untreated it can have devastating consequences. Symptoms can range from mild to psychotic depending on the severity and type of Bipolar. With advances in the mental health field however, effective treatment is available and the majority of patients can live full lives."
Abstract This paper presents a case study of a nine-year-old boy with bipolardisorder. The writer explores the child's symptoms as they pertain to diagnosis and presents a plan of treatment for that child. The paper relates that bipolardisorder is a lifelong condition and explains that it is important for the child to participate in his own treatment plan, so that in his late teens he will be able to monitor his symptoms and ask for help when he relapses.
Outline:
Introduction
Treatment Conclusion
From the Paper "For many years the general public and many mental health professionals believed that Bipolar Disorder was an exclusively adult disorder."
""The number of children and adolescents receiving a diagnosis of bipolar disorder has increased markedly during the past decade in the United States. Bipolar disorder was once thought to occur only rarely in youths, especially children (see Carlson, 2005). However, there has been a shift in how the disorder is defined in juveniles(Practice, 2007).""
"Today the medical community is aware that childhood Bipolar is a serious but treatable disorder(Biederman, 2004)."
Abstract This paper focuses primarily on bipolardisorder, but includes a general look at other associated disorders. The paper describes the classes of bipolardisorder, how to properly diagnose the disorder, characteristics of bipolardisorder, treatment for the illness, and the prognosis for someone with diagnosed with bipolardisorder.
From the Paper "Generally speaking, bipolar disorder can be understood somewhat through its history of being called manic-depression. Individuals who have bipolar disorder go through different periods of moods that are dictated by time. At one point, they may seem to be in a deep depression and exhibit most or all of the symptoms of depressive
disorder. Then, at another point, the same individual may exhibit none of these depressive symptoms, and seem to be overly elevated in their mood and behaviors, seeming overly euphoric or like they have an excess of energy that is quite a contrast to the low energy levels observed during the depressive episode. Because of this, there are
also some links between bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, but the two disorders should not be confused. "In bipolar disorder, episodes of minor to severe depression and episodes of hypomania or mania occur over a course of time."
Abstract This paper looks at how bipolardisorder, also known as manic depression, is one of the most common and persistent mental disorders. The paper explains that bipolardisorder is characterized by periods of deep, prolonged, and profound depression that alternate with periods of an excessively elevated and/or irritable mood known as mania. Additionally, the paper explains that the three main factors of BPI are genetics, chemical imbalances and a patient's environment and discusses how the disorder is usually diagnosed. The paper also looks at treatment options such as medications and psychotherapy.
From the Paper "Other theories of why a person may become bipolar have been reported. Some of the strongest risk factors of contracting the illness reside in winter births, the changing seasons, pregnancy and birth complications, and head injuries. (Fuller pg. 84) Researchers have found that those who had head injuries as a child may become bipolar as late as five years after the accident. It has also been suggested that when the seasons change so do ones moods. Winter months tend to be drab and dark and result in more people feeling depressed. A prolonged winter can lead to severe depression in some and even turning for the worse and ending in a psychiatric illness."
