Abstract
This paper gives explores the issue of transracial adoption in America. It outlines the cultural and family aspects of adoption and more specifically transracial adoption. It points to individual and broad surveys that conclude there are high success rates in both family continuity and preservation of racial/ethnic identity.

From the paper:

"Transracial adoption means adopting children of various races, color, religion, that is, from all parts of the world. Transracial adoption has been spoken for and spoken against and my argument is based on "choosing a positive view point, that is pro transracial."
"Here we will discuss that transracial adoption proves to be very beneficial for the adoptee and they do not face any racial discrimination problem, nor do they lack self-esteem."

Tags:race, family, culture, ethnic

Abstract
The paper examines the major concern raised by those opposing transracial adoptions, that children will not be able to form a proper identity in a conflicted racial situation. The paper examines the process of adoption and compares numerous studies of adoptees and their identities. The paper attributes the inconclusive results to problems with methodology, assumptions made by researchers that may color their research and a problem of definitions, for to say that adoptees may have an identity problem might mean that they do not have the identity that critics want them to have, rather than having a real problem themselves.

Outline:
Introduction
Adoption and the Process of Adoption
Inter-Racial Adoption

From the Paper
"The adoption market matches potential parents and children as best it can, and the process can become more complicated when the requirements are more extensive. Agencies try to match the child with the parent to the extent possible, assuming that this is what the parents want. Prospective parents often have specific requirements of their own, which is why it becomes increasingly difficult to place children as they grow older, given that most adopting parents want infants or very young children. This also becomes a factor that may limit the choice exercised by prospective adopting parents. For those dedicated to becoming parents, the pool of children can be extended if the parents are willing to adopt older children or children from other races, but this creates a different concern. In recent years, a number of black leaders and psychologists have objected that such adoptions may be harmful to the children, not necessarily directly but in that the children are not raised and acculturated in the traditions of their ethnic group and so may develop an identity crisis."

Tags:ethnicity, identity, race, culture

Abstract
The writer of this paper examines transracial adoptions which has long been a subject of controversy. Transracial adoption refers not only to black children being adopted into white homes but also to the many international adoptions that take place each year. This paper also discusses the social and legal ramifications of this type of adoption.

From the Paper
"In a transracial adoption there is an additional layer of questioning that needs to be done because of the circumstances unique to that situation, but in the end, the criteria for adoptive parents are the same.
Another reason transracial adoption should be encouraged is the fact that there are an overwhelming number of biracial, black and non-Caucasian children waiting to be adopted."

Tags:race, ethnic, social, adoption, placement

Abstract
This paper studies the phenomenon of interracial adoption in general and specifically adoption through the internet. It states that children of different races are priced differently on adoption sites whereas black children are the cheapest. It gives examples of several psychological studies done on transracial adoption and their various conclusions. It explains the reasons for interracial adoption and the part that governments play in this phenomenon.

From the Paper
"Adoption between same-race children and parents is a difficult task. Filling the emotional needs of a child who has lost one or both parents presents a multitude of adjustment problems for both the child and adoptive parents. People who choose to adopt are compassionate and caring, or they would not want to adopt in the first place. The child is coming from place of familiarity into the unknown and frightening. The support of the adoptive parents will help the child overcome this difficult time; at least that is the theory. In addition to changing lifestyles, sets of rules, friends, and everyone they ever knew, let us now add the change of who you are. Let us change your culture and beliefs as well. This is the problem that a child adopted into a family of a different cultural background must face. Inter-racial adoption is a form of genocide and hurts the child most of all."

Tags:race, interracial, adoption, psychology, child, parents, culture, money, United, States, Government

Abstract
This paper explains that racial issues can be particularly difficult for the social worker to handle because skin color represents an extremely controversial issue. The author points out that interracial couples are a particular challenge for the social worker because either a black child or a white child will have one parent that is not of the same ethnicity. The paper relates that some people feel that children, placed into homes that are not homogeneous in ethnic or racial makeup and not consistent with the child's own race, can be harmful to the child; however, the paper concludes that transracial couples should be allowed to adopt because otherwise these children, who are left in non-permanent homes while awaiting the availability of same-race adoptive parents, will suffer more severe damage, such as non-attachment disorders. The paper includes several quotations.

From the Paper
"This organization's public announcement of this stance nearly stopped all trans-racial adoptions from taking place in the next few years, and the insistence that foster homes and institutional holdings were better for Black children than being in a White household had a large impact on how children of nonwhite ethnicity would be handled in coming decades. In fact, the Child Welfare League of America revised the 1968 standards in 1973 to actually state that same-race placements for children were always better than interracial placements."

Tags:sensitivity, black, white, position, evidence

Abstract
This paper presents a discussion of issues related to transracial foster care and adoption.The issues outlined here include those of identity and role-modeling, and the ability of parents to understand fully the experiences of their child of a different race. A review of the relevant literature on racial identity is provided.

From the Paper
"A multiracial/cross racial/transracial foster care arrangement can be described as one in which there is a "foster care arrangement for a child who is of a different racial heritage than the individual or individuals who are providing the foster care." (Kenny)
Closely related to the issue of transracial foster care is transracial adoption. Transracial adoption presents the same kinds of problems as does transracial foster care. Children of ethnic minorities who are adopted by white parents do not have a minority role-model in the immediate family to look up to, and therefore may be more influenced by the wider society's devaluation of their ethnic identity. Development of a strong ethnic or racial identity will be hampered by not growing up in a home where the parents and siblings are members of that same group. Additionally, white parents will never be able to fully understand discrimination in the way that minority parents can, and therefore, however well intentioned they may be, they will never be able to provide the kind of support and advice regarding societal discrimination that adoptive parents of the same race would be able to provide."

Tags:race, discrimination, parenting, identity, role-model, NABSW, welfare

Abstract
This paper explores how people feel about interracial relationships and takes a look at the advantages and disadvantages of being in an interracial relationship. Providing statistics on prevalent interracial relationships, the author points out how interracial couples in straight and gay relationships have been on the rise in recent years even though there are some people who believe that races should not mix. Attributing to a degree, the acceptance of interracial relationships is influenced by geographic location, the paper also discusses transracial adoption. This paper includes graphs.

Outline:
Introduction
Advantages and Disadvantages of an Interracial Relationship
Conclusion

From the Paper
"As a result of the history of racial relations in the United States, interracial relationships have long been controversial. Although the controversy over interracial relationships has always existed and continues to exist, the number of interracial couples has continued to rise. There are all types of interracial relationships including Straight and Gay Relationships and also interracial adoptions."

Tags:marriage adoption, homosexual relationships, heterosexual relationships

Abstract
Examines the politics of culture and race as an issue in adoptions and foster care placement. Adoption & foster care policy in the U.S. and its effects. Policy of race-matching and adverse effect on placement of minority & at-risk children. Opposition to transracial placement. Congressional actions to end historical bias against interracial adoptions and foster care placement.

From the Paper
"Policy Analysis: Culture and Foster Care Placement
Definition of the Problem


The question of culture and race has been integral to the debate over formal adoption and foster care placement policy in the United States (Banks, 1998). The politics of race and culture as a visible manifestation of racial and/or ethnic differences has been intertwined with adoption and foster care policy in the United States and has resulted in a number of unintended effects. Banks (1998) has pointed out that in both scholarly and public debate centered on this policy issue, there has been a protracted and intense controversy focused on the practice of race-matching, according to which foster care or adoptive children and foster parents or adoptive parents are matched by social work personnel on the basis of race. "

Abstract
This paper discusses the procedures that adopting parents need to go through before they are granted a child. It compares different laws applicable in certain states as well as special criteria and conditions which apply. It looks at adoption within a family due to the tragedy of abusive conditions and also examines the cost of private adoption.

From the Paper
"Adopting a child is a major decision. A prospective single parent or couple or family may come to the decision of adopting a child through many different paths. For instance, they may have tried to have children and failed, or they may have some children of their own but they want to adopt an orphaned child from a poor socio-economic situation. Whatever the path to adoption, it is a process that is rife with legal requirements and obstacles And of course, once the child is adopted, the responsibilities are huge. But, in the end, the act of adopting a child is immensely satisfying and interviewed adopted parents always gush that the experience and the adoption of child was life-changing."

Tags:child, parent, adoption, welfare, america, state

Abstract
The paper argues that the myth of the danger of gay adoption is propagated by elements of the religious right, which have introduced a host of complications and difficulties to the process, and have tried to ban gay adoption in some states, generally without success.

From the Paper
"A myth is abroad in the nation. The myth is that gay parents do not make suitable couples for adoption. During the 2004 election cycle, many states adopted measure prohibiting marriages between persons of the same sex. As part of that same anti-gay campaign, the opponents of rights for gays and lesbians raised a variety of claims about gays and lesbians being not merely unsuitable as potential adoptive parents, but entirely "immoral." (Scully; Dobson) Overwhelmingly, the opposition to adoption by gays and lesbians is based on religious arguments. This is shown by the reasons given for advocating..."

Tags:adoption, gay, myth