Abstract
The paper reviews the life of James Hill (1838-1916), founder of the Great Northern railroad, and nicknamed "the Empire Builder". The paper also notes Hill's early involvement with the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR), and analyzes his successes in building and marketing his rail lines. The paper then analyzes the CPR and its effects on Canadian development, and reviews the earlier development of the canal infrastructure which provided waterways between the United States and Canada at the start of the 19th century. Next, the paper focuses on the Maritime Provinces and what has been written about them by various authors. Then the paper changes focus to what those writers have to say about the rest of Canada, returning to their views of travel on Canada's railroads, and especially the CPR. In conclusion, the paper finds that travel writers describe the country best when they focus on railroads and travel by rail.

From the Paper
"A man of penetrating commercial vision, Hill foresaw the growth of trade with the Pacific Rim. His road would bridge this traffic from the Pacific Northwest, where he saw the logical port of entry to markets back east. He would haul cotton from the South for export to the Orient, and his freight cars would return filled with lumber from the Northwest to build the heartland. Notwithstanding his view on trains that carry people, the flagship passenger train of his Great Northern bore his nickname, the Empire Builder."

Tags:commerce, canals, travel, writing

Abstract
The construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway was a fundamental aspect of the National Policy (1878). As such it played a key role in integrating the west into the new Dominion, in preventing the development of north-south links with the United States and facilitated the economic development of the region.

Abstract
The escaped slaves who fled through the Underground Railroad to Canada hardly found the promised land they might have sought or expected, but their experience in Canada was invariably better than they had had as slaves in the South or as frightened and endangered fugitives in the North. The paper shows that, at its worst, Canada offered a more free and humane life than did the South under the horrors of slavery. Canada itself was never a major player in the slave trade, although slavery was legal in the nation until well into the 19th century. The paper shows that Canada outlawed slavery more than twenty-five years before it was declared illegal in the United States, and its outlawing did not cause the national division it caused in the United States. The paper discusses how the "promised land" of Canada was still marked by racism and resistance to the influx of slaves fleeing the United States. While some blacks returned to the United States after the Civil War and the end of slavery, many remained in Canada and both benefited from the better conditions in that country (even after the end of slavery in the United States) and contributed to the culture and society of their new nation, Canada. The paper includes an annotated bibliography.

From the Paper
"There is no doubt that a great number of slaves fled to Canada in the hope of finding a better life, which they did indeed find. The greatest period of flight to Canada by slaves was the decade from 1850 to just before the start of the Civil War. For example, the black population of New Brunswick doubled to 1600 in the decade in question, and by 1861 blacks in Nova Scotia made up 2% of the population and Canada West's black population had quadrupled from a decade earlier (St. James 1). Clearly, this is a sign that life in Canada was indeed an improvement over life under slavery in the United States or even over life in the North as runaway slaves. If this had not been the case, and if life were not much better in Canada, news would have reached either the fugitive slaves or their helpers in the Underground Railroad in the United States and immigration to Canada would have ceased or been reduced significantly."

Tags:Fugitive, Slave, Act, Dawn, Settlement, Mary, Ann, Shadd, Edward, Hicks

Abstract
This paper discusses the tensions and divisions that conscription created within Canada in 1917 when the allied situation in World War I demanded a massive mobilization of manpower. At the beginning of the war, voluntary enlistment was taken for granted, but as the war dragged on it did not produce the needed numbers. The writer explains that the French-speaking community in Quebec was seen as not doing their part and this led to heated and bitter debate and further divisions between them and the English-speaking community. The writer provides the historical and political background for these divisions and discusses how conscription affected other groups negatively as well.

Outline:
Introduction
World War I
Quebec
Conscription
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The start of World War I affected Canada as a new Conservative government headed by Robert Laird Borden set out to rally the public to the British cause in the war. At the end of the previous term, Canadians had been divided on the issue, but Borden managed to bring them together after Germany invaded neutral Belgium. It was then that 33,000 Canadian soldiers reached England and fought at the second battle of Ypres. By 1916, there were four Canadian divisions, with a fifth available for reinforcements. Canada's participation served to bolster the nation's image in the world and contributed to the end of its colonial status."

Tags:Francophone, solidarity, diversity, unification, culture, farmer, rebellion, Parliament, controversy

Abstract
This paper explains that changes in economic activities, such as manufacturing and agriculture, are largely determined by three interconnected factors: Geographic proximity to natural resources, in technology changes and demographics changes. The author uses a number of atlas plates to make arguments about how the manufacturing structure has developed in Canada. The paper relates that agricultural trading centers have become successful and growing commercial centers, consuming high-quality agricultural land.

From the Paper
"Changes in economic activities such as manufacturing and agriculture are largely determined by three interconnected factors. These factors are geographic proximity to natural resources, changes in technology and demographics. For example, in Urban Consumption of Agricultural Land Nancy Hofmann states, Many towns that started as agricultural trading centers have become successful and growing commercial centers. Part of their original comparative advantage was their proximity to productive and fertile agricultural land. Now their continuing expansion is consuming this high-quality agricultural land (Hofmann 1). What this indicates is that urban centers developed primarily because of the natural resources within the area."

Tags:manufacturing, structure, canada

Abstract
In this article, the writer explains that the economic growth the entire state of New York experienced as a result of railroad infrastructure, can be seen in the exponential growth of the relatively rural cities on its borders that went from populations of sustained and slow growth to urban centers teaming with industry. The writer notes that in the overall population growth of New York State one can see the exponential growth, especially in relation to railroad development, which by 1853 had developed into a collective network crossing the state. The writer concludes that the foundational expansion of the transportation system in New York State made possible economic growth that was unmatched in many regional locations and allowed for the support of one of the largest metropolitan areas in the world. Further, the writer points out that with the culmination of the railroad infrastructure came jobs in manufacturing and maintenance of the rail lines that were open to diverse populations that had been underserved in the labor market.

From the Paper
"Lastly the development of the railroad as a collective source of the growth of tourism, reshaped the lands surrounding New York city and allowed city and rural dwellers alike to interact and spend leisure time visiting places in the state they had not seen before. The real initial development of tourism, and especially national tourism could easily be linked to the development of the railroads. This industry being almost a completely new economic avenue, would transform how people thought of travel, previously thought of as a necessity to relocation, now it could be a temporary extended visit to those who had resulted before or to see places that had only been read about in books up to this point. The flyer, reproduced here is one that demonstrates this new emphasis on rail travel as a way to rather quickly leave the city behind and seek a calmer venue for leisure time."

Tags:infrastructure, growth, population, railway, network

Abstract
Railroads were first constructed in southern Brazil to serve primarily as growing coffee production industry in S?o Paulo state. Railroad growth in the region, however, facilitated the growth and development of other economic activities such as communication and agriculture. In its early stages of development, Brazil's socioeconomic activities were separated. According to the paper, railroads developed in response to the needs of an agrarian economy but served also to support the development of industry in Southern Brazil. The paper argues that the railroad aided in the integration of the economies of the states in southern Brazil.

From the Paper
"According to Poppino, because of the economic ascendance of Southern Brazil from the late-nineteenth century through 1920, which was facilitated by railroad development, "the locus of political power shifted permanently to the South, where S?o Paulo became the economic heart of the country, and a new class of industrialists, drawn from immigrants and the land holding elite, competed with plantation owners for prestige and political influence. Railroads, thus, developed in response to the needs of an agrarian economy but served also to support the development of industry in Southern Brazil."

Tags:South, America, economics, modernism, industrialization

Abstract
This is a research paper on the topic of the legalization of same sex marriage. In this article, the writer concentrates specifically on how same sex marriage legislation has developed in Canada. The writer notes that the process began back in the 1960s and 70s, with the establishment of anti-discrimination laws for gays and lesbians. Further, the writer discusses that the actual process of changing the definition of marriage was the result of draft bill and several landmark court cases.

From the Paper
"Few social issues in North America today are as controversial and divisive as the possibility of fully legalizing same sex marriage. In both Canada and the United States, the tentative steps that have been taken toward full legalization have accelerated in the past few years, to the point that the new definition of marriage is on the brink of becoming legal in Canada. In this matter the United States lags considerably behind Canada, in that marriage licenses are being granted to same sex couples by some communities following their own independent decision to do so."

Tags:same, sex, marriage

Abstract
This research examines the role of railroads in the economic development of southern Brazil from 1875-1930. For purposes of this research, southern Brazil is defined as the five southernmost states in the country, which are S?o Paulo, Mato Grosso do Sul, Paran?, Santa Catarina, and Rio Grande do Sul.

From the Paper
"The Role of Railroads in The Economic Development of Southern Brazil
Introduction
This research examines the role of railroads in the economic development of southern Brazil from 1875-1930. For purposes of this research, southern Brazil is defined as the five southernmost states in the country, which are S'o Paulo, Mato Grosso do Sul, Paran", Santa Catarina, and Rio Grande do Sul. A map of Brazil with these five states identified may be found below on this page.


MAP OF BRAZIL


Economic Growth and Development
Economic growth is defined in positive terms as the rate of..."

Tags:TRANSPORTATION:, RAILROADS

Abstract
This paper examines how immigration to Atlantic Canada has changed the economic picture of that region. Prior to the influx of immigrants, Atlantic Canada was characterized by its makeup of a dominant white, poor population. The paper further shows how the bulk of research suggests this skewed demographic is owing to a lack of immigration to the provinces of Atlantic Canada. Recent figures released by Statistics Canada show how the demographics in this region have changed in recent years.

From the Paper
"To date, Atlantic Canada been characterized by its makeup of a dominant white, poor population. The bulk of research suggests this skewed demographic is owing to a lack of immigration to the provinces of Atlantic Canada. Recent figures released by Statistics Canada revealed that 73 percent of immigrants to Canada selected Toronto, Montreal or Vancouver as their new homes, with the majority of the remainder settling in Ottawa-Gatineau, Calgary, Edmonton, Hamilton, Kitchener, Windsor, Winnipeg..."

Tags:economy, atlantic, canada