Abstract
This paper discusses how the transcontinental railroad was a monumental achievement that closed the frontier and provided cross-country access for the first time in the United States. It forever changed the face of the American nation and economy. The paper begins by looking at the importance of the railroad and how the construction of the Pacific railroad in particular effected the life of early settlers. Financing of the railroad is also discussed, as well as a profile of the men who built it.
I. Introduction
II. The Importance of the Transcontinental Railroad
III. The Construction of the Pacific Railroad
IV. Financing the Railroad
V. Profiles of the Builders
VI. Summary

From the Paper
"By the 1860s, the northern and eastern states had a railway system but the West was not as fortunate. With the discovery of gold, the acquisition of Mexican territories and the continued settlement of the West, it became apparent for the need to have a primary railway system.
The idea of building a railway to link the east and west was a daunting task but the nation had railroad fever in the 19th century and wanted to pursuit building a system across the wilderness. Once the project was begun, it took over 20,000 men, the majority who were European or Chinese immigrants, over six years. The cost in life and money has never been calculated but the final product was a railroad that would be the key to westward expansion."

Tags:western, expansion, settler, transport

Abstract
This paper discusses the policies of William Brandt. who became chancellor of West Germany in 1969. The paper specifically discusses how his Eastern policy affected his Western policy. It also discusses Brandt's main objectives surrounding Ostpolitik (his Eastern policy) and the differing effects it had on his Western policy. In addition, the paper looks at the effects of Brandt's Eastern policy on his West policy after his resignation.

From the Paper
"Brandt's contribution to settling the European question must not be underestimated. His work with the East paved the way for Western countries to wok with the Eastern bloc to settle political debates. The question of German reunification and European detente were two different aims during Brandt's chancellorship, as suggested by Scheel in 1974 when he commented that 'Europe is concerned about the bloc divide, but not concerned about the German divide' . Brandt's innovative Warsaw treaty saw the first recognition of post-WW2 territory with regards to the Polish Oder-Neisse line; this sent a message to the rest of Europe that the continent must move on, a notion supported by Turner . Moreover Brandt's famous kneeling salute in Warsaw reverberated around the Western world and it was realised that better relations with the East were possible and must proceed. Brandt's Ostpolitik laid the groundwork for the influential Helsinki Conference, which by 1975 included all European countries and continued until 1982, becoming a crucial factor in eventual European unification. Moreover the Four Power economic summit included West Germany in 1979 under the work of Helmut Schmidt, who continued the policies founded by Brandt."

Tags:NATO, chancellor, security, foreign

Abstract
The paper reviews the life of James Hill (1838-1916), founder of the Great Northern railroad, and nicknamed "the Empire Builder". The paper also notes Hill's early involvement with the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR), and analyzes his successes in building and marketing his rail lines. The paper then analyzes the CPR and its effects on Canadian development, and reviews the earlier development of the canal infrastructure which provided waterways between the United States and Canada at the start of the 19th century. Next, the paper focuses on the Maritime Provinces and what has been written about them by various authors. Then the paper changes focus to what those writers have to say about the rest of Canada, returning to their views of travel on Canada's railroads, and especially the CPR. In conclusion, the paper finds that travel writers describe the country best when they focus on railroads and travel by rail.

From the Paper
"A man of penetrating commercial vision, Hill foresaw the growth of trade with the Pacific Rim. His road would bridge this traffic from the Pacific Northwest, where he saw the logical port of entry to markets back east. He would haul cotton from the South for export to the Orient, and his freight cars would return filled with lumber from the Northwest to build the heartland. Notwithstanding his view on trains that carry people, the flagship passenger train of his Great Northern bore his nickname, the Empire Builder."

Tags:commerce, canals, travel, writing

Abstract
This paper discusses the history of the Canadian Pacific Railroad, first discussing the building of the railroad in the 1880s, specifically focusing on why such a massive project was deemed necessary. The paper further describes why then-Prime Minister John A. MacDonald deemed the railroad necessary and why establishing a railroad was seen as an effective way of connecting the west with Central Canada. Additionally, the essay considers how there was a definite "push" for more people to carve out a home in the western prairies and a railroad was one means of achieving this.

From the Paper
"The following paper will discuss the history of the Canadian Pacific Railroad. The paper will commence by first discussing the building of the railroad in the 1880s - specifically focusing on why such a massive project was deemed necessary. To elaborate on this last item a little more fully, the next several pages will highlight why then-Prime Minister John A. MacDonald deemed the railroad necessary and why establishing a railroad was seen as an effective way of connecting the west (and its raw..."

Tags:railroad, canadian, pacific

Abstract
The paper discusses how the economic development of the United States (US) during the early 1800s owes much to the development of the railroad as the predominant method of inland transportation during the 19th century and thereafter. The paper relates that much of the US' economic growth during this period was not simply coincidental to the development and the expansion of the railroad network first in the East and then, every more gradually, to the West, but rather, almost certainly because of it.

Tags:railroad, industry, us

Abstract
The paper contends that Dave Kelly's inexperience clearly tells against him, for the position requires someone with strong managerial experience and probably long-term business experience. The paper argues that the decision made to hire Dave Kelly is obviously the result of haste on the part of NoGo Railroad, via its manager, Allen Yates. The paper explains that Dave was hired because he was single, willing to accept a temporary position, and ready to travel, all conditions that can be filled by multitudes of more experienced (probably external) applicants. The paper points out that his independence and apparently strong decision-making capabilities would be handy for the position, but this is not a substitute for experience - it should be an accompaniment for experience.

From the Paper
"Dave Kelly was chosen for the position of communication manager for the wrong reasons. His inexperience clearly tells against him, for the position requires someone with strong managerial experience and probably long-term business experience. The decision made to hire Dave Kelly is obviously the result of haste on the part of NoGo Railroad, via its manager, Allen Yates. Dave was hired because he was single, willing to accept a temporary position, and ready to travel, all conditions that can be filled by multitudes of more experienced (probably external) applicants. His independence and apparently strong decision-making..."

Tags:nogo, railroad, analysis

Abstract
The paper discusses how non-western responses to western imperialism include disorganized uprisings, boycotts, and organized national armed resistance that generally is modeled after a foreign power. The paper relates that time is an essential element to any successful strategy, and often, appeals to God and nationalistic self-determination underscore any call to resistance.

From the Paper
"Responses to Western aggression are not universally similar or predictable. In fact in some cases the responses are not military reactions at all. Often foreign intrusion is initially accepted as a favorable development, until it is seen that economic exploitation is the true underlying motivation for foreign involvement. Nevertheless, any potential insurrections generally begin with an appeal to a sense of nationalistic pride, spirit and conduct that would desirably lead to an end to unacceptable foreign involvement in their own internal affairs, and divine assistance is generally also cited as unequivocally allied in the..."

Tags:non, western, western, imperialism

Abstract
This paper is on the emergence of early western civilization and focuses primarily on the condition of the western world before and after the coming of the Renaissance followed by the Reformation. Both the eras mark the beginning of a society based on humanism and education. This paper also reviews the political, religious, economic and social transformation undergone by these societies to completely eradicate the reminiscence of the Middle Age.

Tags:emergence, early, western

Abstract
A literary analysis of "All Quiet on the Western Front". The author discusses the writer's examination of the horrors of World War I through the eyes of the soldiers involved in the war, as well as the effects of war on society at large.

From the paper:

"All Quiet on the Western Front, by Erich Maria Remarque, is a book that explores the true horrors of World War I through the eyes of a German solider. The author uses the character of Paul to tell a realistic story of what the average WWI solider had to endure. This book raises the issue of how destructive war can be not only to a country, but also to a generation of a nation. One of the major themes in the story is that of the lost generation. An entire generation of men fighting for their country was lost in World War I."

Tags:all, analysis, english, erich, front, literary, maria, novel, quiet, remarque, western

Abstract
An examination of several ideas which have been suggested as the possible causes of the Great Western Schism. The paper suggests one popular argument which blames the people of Rome, the hasty appointment of Urban VI was made to dispel an angry Roman mob. Another theory analyzed is that the King of France was attempting to seize control back of the papacy and persuaded the cardinals to elect a second pope. The actions of Urban VI and the Cardinals have also been blamed. This paper examines these theories and attempts to pinpoint the proximate cause of the Great Western Schism.

From the Paper
"During the middle and end of the 14th century, the Catholic Church went through a major crisis that came to be known as the Great Western Schism. Bartholomew Prignano, the Archbishop of Bari, was elected Pope and took the name Urban VI. After just a few months of Urban's rule, the Cardinal College left Rome and elected one of their own, Robert of Geneva, who became Pope Clement VII. In 1409 a church council in Pisa attempted to elect a new pope that could unite the sides. The Pisian council did, but neither pope was willing to give up his power. Thus, three popes were vying for authority over the church. "

Tags:pope, urban, vi, western, cardinal, france, king, rome, roman, mob