This paper is a case study of the environmental disaster at LoveCanal in Niagara Falls, which led to new environmental policies and the creation of the Superfund.
Abstract This paper explains that the never completed LoveCanal became a dump site for chemical wastes from Hooker Chemical and Plastics Corporation, a local company and subsidiary of Occidental Petroleum Corporation. The author relates that, in 1978, twenty five years after the Hooker Chemical Company stopped dumping into the LoveCanal, it was suspected that carcinogens were leaching from their containers causing birth defects, miscarriages, breathing problems and burns. The paper states that the Department of Justice, acting as a representative of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), won lawsuits against these companies. The author reports that, in 1980, Congress passed the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA, known as Superfund, which enforced a tax on industries with chemical and petroleum products and made it easier for the Federal Government to respond to hazardous waste exposure.
Table of Contents:
An Introduction to LoveCanal The LoveCanal Chemical Incident
The United States vs. Hooker Chemical
Funding for Relief Efforts
LoveCanal and the Creation of Superfund
The Road to Recovery and Normalization
Present Day LoveCanal
From the Paper "Prosecutors requested that the court order an immediate remediation of all four disposal site, the construction of walls to barricade the chemicals that remained, and to install water and air monitoring systems, all to be funded by Hooker Chemical. Complete medical service for each person living in the Love Canal and Hyde Park areas of Niagara Falls was also requested by prosecutors, at the expense of Hooker. This medical program requested was to include all past and present residents and their offspring, and health coverage was proposed for the rest of their lives."
An in-depth analysis of this English Renaissance tragedy, the various factors involved which lead to the tragic ending and the struggle between good and evil.
2,800 words (approx. 11.2 pages), 2 sources, 2001, $ 83.95
Abstract In this paper the author examines the theme of tragedy that runs through this play. In so doing he looks at the primary relationships in the play - the relationship between the Cardinal, the Duchess and Ferdinand and the relationship between the Duchess and Antonio which he suggests is central to the play. He also suggests that the character of Bosola is an additional factor in the events that lead to the tragic end. The author examines each of these factors in turn, looking at the characters involved, their characteristics and the meaning of each factor and concludes by showing, not only how all these events led to the tragic ending, but also what meaning this has for the reader.
From the paper:
?The central tragedy of the play is that of the Duchess. She is represented as a fine woman in terrible circumstances. Her tragic flaw is her need to follow her heart. She defies the reality of the situation and makes the decision to marry Antonio and ultimately suffers for this choice. The tragedy of the situation is that she does nothing wrong. Her relationship with Antonio is pure. Even with the tragedy that results, she accepts this as a consequence of loving Antonio and accepts her fate.?
Abstract This paper discusses the Suez Canal, the origin and outcome of crisis, the impact on the status of Nasser in the Arab world and ramifications of crisis regarding relations between Egypt and Israel.
Abstract This paper depicts the economy of Panama presently providing a background of the Panama Canal and the effect of the American pullout on the economic conditions.
Abstract This paper examines the Suez Canal crisis and President Eisenhower's anger at Great Britain and France. The paper discusses Eisenhower's anger from the point of view of historians and analyzes it in relation to the historical context at the time. The paper mentions the Cold War between the U.S. and the Soviet Union and how his reaction was influenced by the realities of geopolitics of the time.
From the Paper "The Suez Canal Crisis: An Analysis of Eisenhower's Response In order to understand the Suez Canal crisis and President Eisenhower's anger at Great Britain and France, it is necessary to examine the historical context of this event. Historians are in general agreement that Eisenhower's reaction to the Suez Canal crisis was influenced by the realities of geopolitics at the height of the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union. Eisenhower reacted angrily to the Suez Canal crisis primarily because his highest foreign policy priority was the containment of communism, but this strategic goal was undermined by the military actions undertaken by Great Britain and France in the Middle East in 1956. "
Abstract The paper speaks about the engineering marvel of the Panama Canal which was the culmination of one of modern history's great negotiating processes. The paper describes how America deliberated with the French and the Columbians to secure the rights to complete the project.
Outline:
Executive Summary
Introduction to the Problem
Identify and Define the Problem
Types of Interest
Alternative Solutions
Common Goals and Objectives
Commitment to Work Together
Building Trust
Conclusion
From the Paper "The Americans also had to build trust with the workers who would ultimately dig the canal. Many workers for the French dig had died from the poor conditions, and the Americans needed to avoid a repeat in order to keep work moving. Unfortunately, the project got off to a poor start in 1904, when project leader John Findlay Wallace duplicated many of the French mistakes ("TR's legacy," No date). Conditions were unsanitary, the food supply was terrible, and disease began to spread again, prompting many workers to leave the project. When Wallace was replaced by John Stevens, Stevens' first priorities were to build better facilities for workers, improve sanitation efforts on the project, and to make sure the workers were well fed. These steps built trust with the disenfranchised workers, and historians widely believe that the canal would not have been completed without Stevens' intervention."
Abstract This paper discusses the novel "Women in Love," by D. H. Lawrence, looks at specific relationships between the characters Rupert and Ursula, and Gerald and Gudrun. It examines this story about love, women, tragedy and hopelessness. The author writes that it is a disquieting novel.
From the Paper "This novel actually continues the story of the two sisters that Lawrence began in "The Rainbow," published in 1915. Lawrence originally wanted to call the book "The Sisters," and often Ursula refers to the earlier novel's happenings in her thoughts.
Ursula is often portrayed as selfish in this novel, and as a freedom-loving woman, who does not need to be tied down to a man. "
Abstract This paper argues that William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet is a true tragedy according to Aristotle's definition of tragedy. The paper includes textual examples to back up author's opinion. The paper also discusses how the timeless tale is still widely popular and evokes compassion and pity by all who experience the play.
From the Paper "By the end of the play, Romeo and Juliet are in a highly unfavorable position death. Their families also suffer they have lost their only children. This very complicated sequence of events is complex enough to be interesting, but the emotions behind the situations are extremely real. Anyone watching the play would have had experience with missed chances and the consequences of hurrying things. Therefore, we find that " Romeo and Juliet" is a true tragedy according to Aristotle. It follows the sequence of events that define tragedy and evokes the emotions of pity and fear in an audience that identifies with the main characters."
A detailed examination of how tragedy can glorify an individual, through the discussion of August Strindberg's "Miss Julie" and Ibsen's "Ghosts" as examples to illustrate this point.
Abstract This paper examines the contention that characters of literary works often are put through physical and emotional torment in order to strengthen their character and emerge as heroes. In "Ghosts" the writer shows that the character of Mrs Alving is the hero after she suffers greatly from her husband's death and unfaithfulness and her son's illness. Despite all this she rises above her troubles. In the play "Miss Julie" the heroes are the rich daughter and a house servant and their love for each other which cannot be. This paper compares the way in which each of these literary works uses tragedy to strengthen their characters.
From the Paper "Authors of literary works often use their writing to convey the character worth and strength of their protagonists. They may put them through grief and tragedy but in the end they come out on top and even in spite of the horrors they have suffered they look very moralistic and glorified. Two classic works, August Strindberg's Miss Julie and Henrick Ibsen's Ghosts are illustrative of this ability to glorify an individual through the use of tragedy."
Abstract This paper summarizes and reviews William Shakespeare's tragedy, "The Tragedy of King Lear". The author compares the relative quiet opening of "The Tragedy of King Lear" to other works of Shakespeare and goes on to describe how the complex journey of King Lear's journey towards death manages to explore the tragedy of the human condition.
From the Paper "As the play opens with a ritualized and multivalent gesture of division as the aged Lear, preparing for his retirement from power, parcels out his territory, and in doing so dissolves his kingdom and his family into fiercely competitive fragments, a problem exacerbated when Cordelia refuses partake in a public love test only to be rashly disinherited by her father. And although critics often cite this opening act as a sign of the ultimate failure of Lear's vision, it is the conditions that Lear embarks on his quest that prove equally cursed and equally fraught with failure."
Abstract This paper studies the term "tragedy" and defines it using the thoughts of Plato and Aristotle and plays written in ancient Greece and by Arthur Miller's works. In order to do so the paper proceeds to examine each of these thinkers and writers and their works. It details Aristotle's notes that defined tragedy and his play 'Antigone' and 'Oedipus Rex', Arthur Miller's 'On Tragedy', 'The Crucible' and 'Death of a Salesman'.
From the Paper "The simplest, most reasonable definition of tragedy is that found in dictionaries and the definitions of laymen and theater -goers everywhere: ?a story with a sad ending.? However, literary theorists and critics would quickly be out their jobs if they simply left the common law of art alone. Thus for centuries there have been disagreements as to what constituted "true" tragedy. In ancient Greece, both the merits and ideal qualifications of tragedy were under debate. Plato suggested that tragedy might be best defined as people pretending to be villainous or sad for no good reason, and thus corrupting society. Aristotle, on the other hand, said that tragedy was a form of social good, for it allowed the rational soul to vent its emotions in a process he referred to as a ?catharsis.? He went on to define the trademarks of a tragedy it in some detail, including such plot elements as the noble birth of the protagonist, and the inevitability of the ending. Works that followed his model, such as Oedipus cycle, set the standard for centuries to come. Aristotle's conventions became a measuring stick for literary critics, though they were not always followed by poets and playwrights. In the modern era, many of these conventions were challenged, and this was particularly noticed in the case of Arthur Miller. After his play, Death of a Salesman, was lambasted by critics for not being a "real" tragedy, he responded with a seminal work on the modern adaptation of tragic conventions. The ideas put forth in his "On Tragedy" were deeply important to parts of his later play The Crucible. It is fascinating to see that despite the fact that many critics saw Miller's works as antithetical to ancient ideas of tragedy, and assumed that ancient tragedies would not be based around the ideals embraced by Miller, in many ways there are distinct parallels in thought between such works as The Crucible and older masterpieces such as Antigone. The inevitability of each play is iron-wrought, and each is driven by the inseparable division between the straight edge of power and the personal freedom of choice and self-definition. "
Abstract This essay discusses the main differences between Elizabethan and Greek tragedy by examining Shakespeare's poems and plays. The writer examines the use of violence on stage in Shakespearean tragedy as opposed to Elizabethan's.
From the Paper "There are various differences between Elizabethan tragedy, particularly through the works of Shakespeare, and Greek Tragedy. Some of these include the mixing of prose and Poetry, the linear formula of a character with a suffers from a tragic flaw, which leads to the character's downfall, versus the Elizabethan idea of the Wheel of Fortune. However, one of the largest dramatic differences between Greek tragedy and Shakespearean tragedy has to be the use of violence on stage. And what it boils down to is that the perfect combination of dialogue and action that Shakespeare uses in Othello can be more powerful than just the allusion, emotion, and metaphor that Sophocles uses in Oedipus the King."
Abstract This paper details the points of a tragedy and a tragic hero, and how these points are at work in Shakespeare's "Hamlet". There is ample use of descriptions of the play to help explain these points. An outline of the paper is included at the end.
From the Paper "In drama, a tragedy recounts a series of events in the life of a person of significance or nobility. These events culminate in an unhappy catastrophe, forever altering the life of those involved. The tragedy centers on the tragic protagonist, in this case, Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, a noble character with all the marks of dignity. Hamlet, like all tragic heroes, is a noble character. He comes from royalty and with this high position comes the respect of his kingdom and friends. He is obviously a natural leader and has the ability to take charge of a situation ? we as an audience see this as he concocts his plan for revenge, immediately entangling his friend Horatio as a conspirator. From playing a madman to finding an acting troop to put on his play to catch his uncle, Hamlet shines as a leader and a quick thinker."
Abstract This paper argues that both tragedy and comedy are about the human condition versus the human being. The author uses Sophocles' "Oedipus, the King" and Chekhov's "The Bear" are used to support this position.
From the Paper "In drama, tragedy and comedy are often considered polar opposites. It is often suggested that tragedy is more about a human being while comedy pertains mostly to the human condition. In other words, the tragic character is specific while the comedic character ..."
Tags:tragedy, comedy, drama, Chekhov, Sophocles, character, fate, free will
Abstract This paper summarizes Euripedes play "The Trojan Woman", and argues that the play is a great tragedy. It looks at the drama and tragic fate of the noble women of fallen Troy. The paper also examines the suffering of the female royal characters of Hecuba, Cassandra, Andromache. It looks at Helen as the character who undergoes less suffering.
