Abstract
The air traffic control system was designed in the 1950s and has changed little since that time except to increase in size along with the increase in air travel. The system has been strained at times and represents a very stressful work environment for air traffic controllers. The system is viewed as still safe, but at the same time, demands have been made that the system be modernized as the size of air traffic continues to increase.

From the Paper
The air traffic control system was designed in the 1950s and has changed little since that time except to increase in size along with the increase in air travel. The system has been strained at times and represents a very stressful work environment for air traffic controllers. The system is viewed as still safe, but at the same time, demands have been made that the system be modernized as the size of air traffic continues to increase. Plans along those lines have been made and proposed and are being considered. New technologies are being recommended for inclusion in the future ATC system, such as satellite navigation and positioning. This idea was

Tags:air, traffic, control

Abstract
This paper discusses the fact that following the 9/11 tragedy many politicians and airline industry representatives began to search for improvements to the Airline Traffic Control system (ATC). The paper explains that these improvements were deigned to increase security and safety for all flight personnel, as well as for all passengers. The paper outlines some of the changes made to the ATC systems and examines the benefits of each new policy or procedure.

From the Paper
"One of the most significant changes to ATC has been the implementation of key technology, deployed at the headquarters of NORAD, located in Colorado Springs. This technology, known as Explorer, enables the NORAD team to monitor all commercial aircraft flying across the country at any given time. Previously, the technology had been used solely to monitor for incoming missiles, or military planes (Carr and Cone, 2002). The FAA also added a staff of air traffic controllers to the NORAD base, as well as in many busy sectors across the country, to assist local ATC operators in the event of a hijacking situation (Strohm, 2004). In an effort to ensure proper handling of airline safety issues, the FAA also separated the responsibility of those dealing with hijack situations. The TSA, or Transportation Security Administration, has been established. In the event of a hijacked flight, the TSA is responsible for all actions while the plane is in the air. When the flight lands, the FBI is responsible (Strohm, 2004)."

Tags:norad, radar, technology, faa

Abstract
This paper describes the evolution and the development of safety programs within the Air Traffic Control System in the U.S.

Abstract
In this article, the writer studies literature on the subject of cooperation and coordination in communications between pilots and air traffic control. The writer discusses that the successful negotiation of emergency situations demands a full-
spectrum application of technical competence, experience, as well as the all-important efficiency of communications with air traffic control. The literature evaluated in the paper encompasses the most important issues arising in contemporary civilian aviation in connection with emergency communications between pilots and air traffic controllers. The writer notes that the literature also details the need for mutual coordination between pilots and controllers with respect to potentially ambiguous descriptions in applicable federal regulation delineating their respective emergency-avoidance responsibilities.

From the Paper
"Myriad factors can either adversely affect the ability of pilots to successfully negotiate emergencies; in that regard, some of the most crucial include: (1) a mutual commitment to a team approach on the part of both pilots and air traffic controllers, (2) preparedness for unanticipated circumstances, (3) the ability to process information in real time and deduce the optimal responses required by specific events, (4) bi-directional clarity of communications, (5) preplanning of emergency procedures, (6) appropriate responses to dynamic changes in flight plans and landing approaches, (7) the availability and reliability of emergency avoidance equipment, (8) the ability to avoid tunnel vision in crises including thinking "out of the box," and (9) procedural rules and federal regulation that provide appropriate and unambiguous protocols outlining the hierarchy of respective responsibilities between flight crews and air traffic control as well as between and among various segments of air traffic control."

Tags:efficiency, responses, flight, crews, traffic, control

From the Paper
"The Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (PATCO), a labor union representing civilian air traffic controllers employed by an agency . the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) . of the United States (US) government, called a strike on 3 August 1981 (Office of AFCC History [OOAFCCH], 1985). In the ensuing months, PATCO's effectiveness as a collective bargaining organization was destroyed, the lives of hundreds of air traffic controllers and their families were quickly characterized by high levels of uncertainty and distress, air traffic safety in the US was temporarily compromised, military personnel were used as temporary replacements for the civilian air traffic controllers, and the quality of the industrial relations environment in the country deteriorated (...)"

Tags:TRANSPORTATION, AVIATION

From the Paper
"The Air Traffic Control System
The responsibilities of air traffic control are varied and complex. In addition coordinating air traffic flow, they also provide traffic advisories and weather information. In recent years, considerable effort has been focused on upgrading the air traffic control system in the United States. The National Airspace System Plan (NASP) will replace 1960s vintage equipment with new technologies, and also streamline control operations. Moreover, the plan's automated systems will rely heavily on space for both communication and navigation. The NASP promises to set the standard for air traffic control.


Perhaps the primary challenge for air traffic control (ATC) is to keep up with the ever increasing demand on airspace. Between 1980 and 1987, the number of people travelling by air in..."

Abstract
This paper provides a detailed look at the FAA and its role in the Sept 11th terrorist attack aftermath. It gives a history of the establishment of this institution and asks how it will have to change to cope with the post Sept 11th reality.

From the paper:

"According to James Q. Wilson, ?War is the greatest test of a bureaucratic organization.? (Wilson, 1989, p. 45). He was of course speaking of the difficulties of leading soldiers into battle, but on September 11, airline pilots, air traffic controllers and the Federal Aviation Administration were on the front lines of a new kind of war. This essay will consider the FAA under this time of stress and rapid change."

Tags:responsibility, air, traffic, regulation, bureaucracy, independent, federal, airlines, emergency, action, efficient, passengers, agression

Abstract
This paper explains that racial profiling is any police-initiated action based on race, ethnicity or national origin; rather than being based on the behavior of an individual or on information that a particular individual is or has been engaged in criminal activity. The author points out that racial profiling is one of the most pressing civil right issues of our time because it extends beyond the direct victim to affect negatively all persons of color of all generations and income levels, undermines the legitimacy of the criminal justice system and hinders effective policing in communities, which need it the most. The paper suggests that the solution to the racial profiling controversy may lie in the ability to control the discretion of the police such as (1) stops must be initiated for a legitimate reason, (2) must be predicted upon an appropriate legal or policy standard, (3) must be perceived to be effective in the pursuit of a legitimate law enforcement need and (4) the officer's attitudes and behaviors must be perceived by the violator to be legitimate.

Table of Contents
Violates Civil Rights
Undermines Police Community Relations
Unsound Policing
Impact on our Community
Impact on the Law Enforcement Profession
Controlling the Discretion of the Police
Control Consent Searches
Deploy Policing Resources on the Basis of Actual not Perceived Demand
Manage the Leader's Influence and Message
Provide Proactive Training and Education
Use Technology to Document the Policing Process
Actively Seek an Avenue for Changing the Current Law
Pass Prohibitive Statutes that Provide Criminal Penalties
Make the Police More Accountable

From the Paper
"Racial profiling is most commonly associated with driving while black or brown also known as DWB. This practice, however, is not limited to vehicle stops it also extends to other aspects of living in the minority community "walking while black; standing while black; shopping while black." Racial profiling states the cost associated with race related police abuses are significant and include psychological trauma, humiliation and degradation and a decline in the legitimacy of the criminal justice system. Police brutality lawsuits and institutional racism cost taxpayers ten millions of dollars."

Tags:traffic, police-initiated, legitimacy, discretion, proactive

Abstract
The paper reviews Berfield's article "Getting the Most Out Of Every Shopper" on the Envirosell company's analysis of how consumers are changing their purchasing behavior in response to the economic downturn. The paper discusses the strategies of Envirosell in increasing the sales effectiveness of retailers, that focus on controlling the flow of traffic through their stores and specifically, controlling the eye movement of shoppers. The paper points out, however, that the methodology from Envirosell relies on an assumptive-based approach to defining behavior. The paper posits that the use of attitudinal surveys and more balanced data sets could deliver even greater insights.

Outline:
Introduction
Strategies for Increasing Retaining Effectiveness
Increasing Same-Store Sales By Incenting Customer Loyalty
Store Displays More Focused On Benefits Over Organization of Products
Summary

From the Paper
"Throughout the article there are specific strategies defined for increasing the sales effectiveness of retailers, illustrating the unique methodology that Mr. Underhill's firm Envirosell utilizes to increase the effectiveness of retailing strategies. His firm's methodology concentrates on tracking shoppers throughout stores and videotaping their behavior, then analyzing it in the context of displays, traffic routing strategies and the use of signage in the stores. As a result of this methodology, the company Envirosell captures 50,000 hours of video each year. His firms' analysis shows that the front of stores is often used as a decompression zone, and that Americans tend to turn right when they walk into a store. As is the case with auto dealerships' service centers, the most crucial time to meet a customer is when they first enter the dealership or store. Mr. Underhill's analysis supports this fact with his firm stating that the first minute a customer enters the store is the most important in getting them to purchase. The challenges that Mr. Underhill highlights for retailers are to control the flow of traffic through their stores and also specifically control the eye movement of shoppers."

Tags:sales, shoppers, signage, displays, traffic, purchases

Abstract
The paper analyzes how successful airlines like Southwest, JetBlue and the other low cost carriers have basically kept their costs down and satisfied the consumer demand for reasonably priced airline travel while maintaining consistent profits. The paper explores the significant factors that keep the major airlines in debt. The paper concludes that the major airlines need to make drastic changes, such as control costs and capacity, in order to overcome their financial predicaments.

Table of Contents
Problem Statement
Significance of the Study
Assumptions
Limitations
Review of Relevant Literature and Research
Research of Airline Industry Stocks
Jet Blue and Southwest Population
Results
Discussion in regard to 9-11
Conclusions
Recommendations
References

From the Paper
"Moving into the twenty-first century, commercial aviation has been on a steady decline. Profits have dried up and overall passenger travel miles are down. To make matters worse, the lingering effects of September 11, 2001 have almost completely ruined the entire commercial aviation industry. United Airlines is in the brink of nearly shutting its doors forever. American Airlines, Continental, Delta, US Airways, American West and Northwest all are experiencing their worst financial difficulties in their corporate histories."

Tags:traffic, growth, aircrafts, business, industry