Abstract This paper provides a brief overview of the "free flight" system of air trafficcontrol and compares it with the present air trafficcontrol system. The paper also describes the limitations of the current air traffic system and then goes on to explain how the 'free flight' system promises efficiency and profitability for the airline industry.
From the Paper "With more than 50,000 flights taking to the skies everyday the present US air traffic control system places increasing strain on the control room staff who have the responsibility of tracking, guiding and directing the pilots. Under the current system, the air traffic controllers resolve conflicts in airspace using radar signals and regulating traffic by means of adjusting the altitude and speed limit of the different flights. As James Coyne, president of the National Air Transportation Association, says, ?All of the information that flows to and from a pilot today in virtually all aircraft is done on a strictly single-voice channel, back and forth, with human beings actually saying all the words live. As anyone can imagine, that is an extremely inefficient way to convey data." [Jacques Leslie] Pilots are dependent upon the instructions from the control room to avoid conflicts and disaster in airspace. Once the aircraft is cleared by the departure controller and left the TRACON (terminal radar control) airspace, it is monitored enroute by the personnel in the ARTCC (Air Route Traffic Control Center) who continue to provide the pilots with the traffic, altitude and speed instructions. [Craig C. Freudenrich Ph.D] For most airways however, the stipulated altitude, route and speed restrictions do not contribute to optimal efficiency."
Tags: deregulation, satellite, technology, navigation, equipments, radars, aviation, communication
Abstract This paper explains that the entire system of air traffic management is dependent upon the accountability of pilots on board and the air trafficcontrollers, who are dependent upon the data displayed and acquired from their computer screens, dials, and gauges simultaneously being ratified by their insights of past experience and pre-determined operational guidelines. The author points out that, although English is acknowledged as the international language in aviation history, many pilots present problems of dialects, accents, and interpretations, which have resulted in crashes. The paper relates that efficient communication will go a long way in guaranteeing secured air travel; advanced technology is now being launched, and rules are being slackened to render the pilots and air controllers greater freedom. Includes a PowerPoint presentation.
From the Paper "The confusion resulting in misinterpretations of the terminologies lead to visualization of different objects other than those it indicates to. The lack of proficiency in the English language is noticed both among the Air Traffic Controller and the pilots the United States. However, it is not confined only to the foreign pilots. It is also essential in case of the US pilots flying across the other nations and facing the controlling crews of other nationalities, to effectively comprehend the short, disconnected and unintelligible English communications similar to the expectations of the proficiency in English by the foreign pilots. (Guest Editorial: Barriers to Effective Communication: Implications for the Cockpit) Moreover, the fact of deficiency of the foreign pilots in the English Language and their confinement to some of the standard aviation phraseologies must be acknowledged."
Tags: readbacks, confusion, english, misinterpretations, pilot
Abstract The paper outlines the benefits of trafficcontrol systems including the automatic train operation (ATO), centralized trafficcontrol (CTC), and track warrant control (TWC). The paper notes several drawbacks to these systems but asserts that their benefits far outweigh their risks.
From the Paper "Automatic train operation is a system that performs operating functions such as starting, running at the prescribed speeds, slowing down, stopping, and passenger-door controls for all locomotives. This control system builds upon information transmitted to the train as part of automatic cab signaling, and is automatically instructed to perform tasks based on this information. Regulations such as the speed limit of a railroad are imposed by curves, grades, and the location of stations. ATO control systems recognize information about the tracks and this allows the train to maintain a certain speed. The control system can automatically slow down a train, and make a complete stop when necessary."
Abstract This paper discusses the fact that following the 9/11 tragedy many politicians and airline industry representatives began to search for improvements to the Airline TrafficControl system (ATC). The paper explains that these improvements were deigned to increase security and safety for all flight personnel, as well as for all passengers. The paper outlines some of the changes made to the ATC systems and examines the benefits of each new policy or procedure.
From the Paper "One of the most significant changes to ATC has been the implementation of key technology, deployed at the headquarters of NORAD, located in Colorado Springs. This technology, known as Explorer, enables the NORAD team to monitor all commercial aircraft flying across the country at any given time. Previously, the technology had been used solely to monitor for incoming missiles, or military planes (Carr and Cone, 2002). The FAA also added a staff of air traffic controllers to the NORAD base, as well as in many busy sectors across the country, to assist local ATC operators in the event of a hijacking situation (Strohm, 2004). In an effort to ensure proper handling of airline safety issues, the FAA also separated the responsibility of those dealing with hijack situations. The TSA, or Transportation Security Administration, has been established. In the event of a hijacked flight, the TSA is responsible for all actions while the plane is in the air. When the flight lands, the FBI is responsible (Strohm, 2004)."
Abstract The paper relates that the problem of air traffic accidents as a result of poor trafficcontrol occur more often than is recognized. The paper discusses conflict alert technology regarding air trafficcontrol and looks at the human factor and its interaction with this system. The paper explores accidents that have occurred and concludes that even state of the art technology is not enough to ensure a safe flight. The paper shows how safety requires the complex integration of both humanity and technology.
Outline:
Conflict Alert Technology
The Human Factor
From the Paper "Faulty design in terms of either the planes themselves or the technology designed to guide them safely to land, for example, can cause accidents. While these design flaws are the result of human error, they are not as directly related to the human factor as air traffic controllers themselves. These workers are also human. Any number of factors, including fatigue, distraction or a momentary lack of concentration can cause an accident and the death of hundreds or even thousands of people. Most accidents as a result of this human factor, according to Don Brown (2005), occur in lower air space, where there is a significant amount of traffic landing or taking off."
Abstract This paper paper presents a study to explore the shift work and fatigue in air trafficcontrollers and their negative impact on safety. The paper relates that the research also focuses on the relationship between shift work, fatigue and time management in the present moment based on semi-structured interviews and questionnaire conducted over a short period of time with makes this research a cross-sectional study. In addition, the paper explains that the purpose of the research is to further the process of increasing transportation safety. The paper relates that it trusts that this research will contribute to increase the knowledge of current practice and provide a basis for future discussions and development of practice.
Outline:
Methodology
Research Philosophy
Research Approach
Research Strategy
Time Horizons and Research Type
Data Collection Methods
Sample Description
Data Quality Issues
Analysing the Data
Conclusion
Methodology
From the Paper "Thereafter, data will be placed into theoretical structures and analysed with regards to how well they correspond. In some stages of the data analysis process, the researcher may encounter concepts/theories which had not been described in the existing theories and models of shift work, fatigue and time management in the literature review. These theories/concepts will be thereafter explained in depth and proposals will be made on how they can be associated with the current theories. As Saunders et al. (2003, p.385) mention "the data collection, data analysis and the development and verification of relationships and conclusions are very much an interrelated and interactive set of processes," which permits the studier to distinguish fundamental themes, relationships and interactions during data collection process. In addition, in this research, the data analysis will be carried out not only after all the data collection is complete, but also all through the survey process. "
This paper provides an analysis of data from London, Stockholm, and New York City in order to discuss variable pricing as a means for controlling urban congestion.
Abstract In this article, the writer notes that roadway congestion is a significant problem for nations with an active motorist population, especially in urban areas. The writer points out that traditional efforts to combat congestion have typically focused on increasing capacity through increases in roadway infrastructure. The writer then claims that research has shown, however, that these methods are ultimately ineffective for controlling congestion and its associated ills. Economists have long seen the value in associating usage costs with roadways in order to control congestion and encourage more efficient resource use. The writer relates that with technology finally catching up to this ideal, roadway-pricing schemes are becoming more popular in cities throughout the world. The writer concludes that a consideration of the pros and cons of pricing strategies implemented in London and Stockholm, and proposed in New York City, reveals that while there is still significant political and public resistance, the strategies are effective at achieving their stated goals.
Outline:
Introduction
The Myriad Negative Effects of Persistent Congestion
Why Congestion Continues Despite Increased Expenditures on Highway Infrastructure
Variable Congestion Pricing as a Viable Solution
Schemes to Alleviate the Problem of Urban Congestion
London: a System at Work
Stockholm: a Seven-Month Experiment Ready for Implementation
New York City: Public and Political Resistance
Schemes for Controlling Roadway Congestion
Analysis of the Costs and Benefits
Conclusions
From the Paper "Congestion, both in urban centers and on connecting highways, has become a major problem for the transportation networks of cities throughout the world. In the world's major metropolises, the issue has become particularly acute, with congestion having profound negative effects on air quality, travel time, the cost of goods and services, and the general livability of cities. Congestion problems are literally becoming a liability for these cities. As the pressure of congestion increases, the capacity of a given city to function effectively is greatly diminished, resulting in hidden and overt costs for individuals, businesses, and public resources. The net effect, then, of congestion has been consistently deleterious."
Abstract This paper discusses ways of reducing traffic fatalities in the Miami-Dade County region. It cites that Miami-Dade has a higher than national average fatality rate on Florida highways, it highlights that most traffic fatalities involve pedestrians. The author also examines the impact of urban sprawl on traffic.
From the Paper "In the past years traffic on the highways in South Florida is said to have increased by percent and traffic is expected to continue growing in the future as more and more people move to this area. Traffic volume..."
Abstract This paper takes a look at the determination of how social control affects deviance is complicated by the variety of sociological theories on the question of deviance, and their diverse analyses of the interrelationship between society, social controls and deviance. Given this limitation, this essay critically examines how social controls affect deviance with respect to two interrelated areas: social controls on deviance in the family unit, and social controls on deviant sexual behavior. Within a structural-functional theoretical analysis, it argues that social order affects deviance in complex ways, and ultimately supports social order and can lead to social change.
Abstract In researching the subject of gun control and legislation to stop the incidence of violent crime, as well as accidental killings with a fire-arm, there exist opinions and statistics on both sides of the argument. The paper argues, however, that no matter how serious gun rights adherents are in their cries that citizens' rights are violated, gun control is necessary.
Paper Outline:
Why Gun Control is Necessary
Gun Control Laws
Kids and Guns
Conclusion
References
From the Paper "It is important to understand that the legislators of various states as well as the U.S. Congress are working on restricting the unauthorized use and sale and maintenance of arms, not to bar any from being sold and owned. When the NRA and its members (and they are not all rednecks and the types found in the movie Deliverance) refuse to understand is that restriction does not mean a total ban, only proper and legal means of keeping guns from the hands of those who cannot and will not use them properly. There is a vast moral gulf between killing a deer (however much some even consider that a sin) and mowing down clerks in a convenience store or guards at a bank or murdering a spouse."
Abstract In this article, the writer examines the gun control debate in the United States of America. The writer provides a review of the studies that relate to that debate. The history of gun control as an issue in American society is discussed in this paper. The writer argues that gun control policies should not be expanded and presents both sides of the control argument.
From the Paper "Gun control has been a prominent issue in American politics since Revolutionary War. The Founding Fathers gave American citizens the right to bear arms in the Second Amendment to the Constitution. The debate over the government's ability to regulate the sale and use of guns can be most simply stated as a fundamental conflict between the rights of the citizen versus the need of the government to assure public safety. Opponents of gun control believe that any infringement of an individual's right to bear arms is unconstitutional and ... "
Tags: gun control, crime rates, history, second amendment
Abstract This paper discusses one of the most contentious issues in contemporary American life, birth control.
This paper examines birth control in America and argues that birth control is something which should be readily available to all citizens just as long as certain protocols are followed. In so doing, however, this paper also points out the arguments of those who are unconvinced that wide spread birth control is desirable. In the end, this paper's central contention is that having a child is an enormously challenging development in the lives of young people (or old people, for that matter) and it should only be undertaken if the parents (or parent) possess the maturity, the desire and the resources necessary to do the job well.
Abstract The paper explains that issues of rent control and the often toxic debates that surround it have been a social and an economic concern for several decades. Typically, rent control efforts are made at the city or municipality level and are not enacted at the state or federal level. The paper discusses how rent control and the issues related to it are nothing more than a series of laws that are intended to control what city rents average, as well as regulate how much, percentage wise, they can be increased in any given year.
From the Paper "Traditionally, New York, New Jersey and California are most commonly associated with rent controls because of those states' rapid cost of housing increases that have priced many consumers out of the housing market and forced many individuals to become career renters."
Abstract This research paper examines and analyzes the economic costs and benefits of gun control in the United States. The positions of gun control advocates and the gun lobby are compared and conclusions reached accordingly.
