Abstract
The paper argues that the fur trade was perhaps the defining element in the economic and social relationship between Native Canadians and the English and French settlers of early Canada. The paper asserts that its sheer prominence in the history of early Canada - fuelling not only settlement expansion and the rivalry of the two European powers in Canada, but also dramatically impacting the social order of Aboriginal societies in early Canada - requires that we pay critical attention to the complexities of this trade and its varying impacts.

From the Paper
"While the economic history of the fur trade in early Canada may appear, from our 21st century perspective, to be a detail of history, a critical exploration of the role of this trade in its time would reveal a radically different perspective. From this point of view, the fur trade was perhaps the defining element in the economic and social relationship between Native Canadians and the English and French settlers of early Canada. Its sheer prominence in the history of early Canada - fuelling not only..."

Tags:canada, indians, fur

Abstract
This paper discusses that, as market conditions continue to ebb and flow, and financial planners feel the strain, a positioning strategy provides the way for strong growth. The author points out that rivalry has erupted in the 1990s because of globalization, global standards, private label brands, knowledge transfer, Internet technology, free trade, alternative media, and alternative distribution channels. The paper includes many references to various positioning strategies for individual companies.

Table of Content
Introduction
Rivalry
New Era
Various Positioning Strategies for Organizations
Importance of Positioning Strategy for Organizations
Positioning Strategy for Sports Drink Category and Competition
The Significance of Positioning Strategy
Conclusion

From the Paper
"For case in point, tourism and travel industry's thriving destination promotions thrive, the resemblances across plans for contending destinations frequently overshadow the actual differences. This stops both tourists and trade from increasing and developing a deeper sense of the individuality of a lot of locations. An interrelated problem is the over-dependence on the "Chinese-menu" approach, promotions that basically enumerate plentiful attractions or paybacks devoid of giving a unifying background."

Tags:headship, consumer, confidence, superiority, drink

Abstract
This paper explains that increased trade between countries does create wealth; however, the rules of the trade game are such that the wealth being generated by increased level of international trade does not reach all sections of the world in a fair manner. The author argues that there is an urgent need for creating a level-playing field for all in international trade so that the benefits reach everyone; organizations such as the WTO and the IMF, which make and oversee trade rules and international monetary policies, must be purged of the pervasive influence of large multi-national corporations and big business. The paper relates that unprecedented development in the communication and information technologies in the last few decades and the eclipse of communism have given a great boost to international trade; international trade leads to prosperity and development but such trade also gives rise to a number of problems such as increasing inequality and rural poverty.

Table of Contents
The Pros and Cons of International Trade
Reasons Why Increased International Trade is Beneficial
Growing International Trade
Pros: Benefits of Increased International Trade
Growth in Countries that Adopted Free-Trade Policies
Example of the United States
Cons: The Disadvantages
Policies Based on Corporate Interests
Removing the Guiding Hand
How International Free Trade Policies Favor Big Corporations
Corporations Exempt from Free Market Discipline
Inequality
Rural Poverty
Trade and Environment
Analysis of the Arguments
What Should Be Done?
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The colonialist powers, particularly Britain, had realized the benefits of international trade after its industrial revolution although it is highly debatable whether such trade was beneficial for the colonies as well. In the last two decades, international monetary institutions such as IMF and trade organizations, particularly the Word Trade Organization (WTO) have been at the forefront for promoting free international trade. Unrestricted international trade has been touted as the panacea for all economic ills and an agent of development. The results of international trade have, however, been mixed. While supporters of free trade point to several success stories such as China, others point to the growing inequality, economic shocks such as the Asian Economic Crisis of 1997, and the increasing poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa as "fruits" of increased international trade (also known as globalization)."

Tags:free-trade, rural, multi-national, communication, inequality

Abstract
This paper examines the relationship between the trade balance and the exchange rate. The writer details the general rule of economics that states a negative trade deficit normally leads to a weaker currency while trade surplus results in enhanced value of currency, although there are exceptions to the rule, which are detailed in this paper. This paper discusses the issue of the U.S. trade balance and its effect on the exchange rate of the country's currency which is currently in the limelight due to the burgeoning U.S. trade deficit and the declining value of the dollar against other major world currencies. The writer of this paper delves into America's economy against that of China's and questions whether the U.S. dollar will retain its status of the reserve currency in the long run. This paper touches on the opinions and views of economists and U.S. treasury officials who contend that the current trade deficit is nothing to be alarmed about as the country's economy and the U.S. dollar survived a similar slide in the late 1980s. This paper also discusses the opinion of the U.S. administration that believes the alleged under-valuation of the Chinese Yen is a prime source for the deficit problems since there is a huge and growing trade imbalance between the U.S. exports and imports to China. The well-researched and well-written paper clearly define the terms: Trade balance, exchange rate and reserve currency.

Table of Contents:
What is Trade Balance?
What is Exchange Rate?
The Extent of Trade Balance Deficit in the U.S.
What is a Reserve Currency?
Can the U.S. Dollar Retain its 'Reserve Currency' Status for Long?
Is the U.S. Trade Deficit Sustainable?
Is China the Source of the Deficit Problem?
Possible Solutions to the Trade Deficit Problem
Conclusion
References

From the Paper
"The key question is, can the US dollar retain its status of the resrve currency for long? History suggests that it may not. Before the advent of the dollar as the world's reserve currency, the British Pound had enjoyed such a status. Between the two World Wars and the post-World War II period saw the weakeing of the British economy. As a result, the British Pound was devalued by 30% in 1949, effectively ending its run as the world's reserve currency and the start of the dollar's reign. Dollar has been able to retain its status as the reserve currency since it was relatively stable, was backed up by the formidable economy of the US, low interest rates and the absence of an alternative currency."

Tags:economy, currency, china, america, u.s., international, debt, trade, deficit

Abstract
This paper compares the values of free trade to managed trade. It begins by defining trade and identifying the ideal trade. The paper argues that free trade is the best policy to increase prosperity and equality in a capitalist society. It describes managed trade as the current situation, as tariffs and trade policy try to create fair grounds for commerce between two nations, as seen through the example of Japan and the United States. The writer states that protectionist policies, as used in managed trade, have been the anthem of the past and have led to war and conflict.

From the Paper
"Trade is the exchange of goods and services between two countries. In order for trade to be successful, both sides must perceive that they benefit from the exchange, or the trade will not take place. In a perfect world, both parties go away from the trade happy that they have rid themselves of something of which they have surplus, and gained something of value to them. However, in the real world, this does not happen all of the time and one party or the other walks away feeling "cheated."

Tags:world, trade, organization, wto, globalization, capitalism, capitalist, policy, global, economy, equality, tariff, japan, usa, united, states

Abstract
The paper analyzes the free trade theory and reveals that the free trade is anything but fair trade. The paper also looks at the classical and neoclassical modals of the free trade theory and its problems within. The paper reveals that when free trade is applied to the contemporary world economy, developed countries are favored over developing countries.

From the Paper
"In effect, comparative advantage implied that countries possessing advantage in producing agricultural or other simple products should relocate resources within the economy to focus on producing a specialized set of goods and vice versa. Following this dictate, many developing economies that were mostly agrarian channeled their resources to produce food commodities. On the other hand, their developed peers focused efforts on producing value goods, as they were more skilled at it. This theory had predicted that "trade between dissimilar countries implies a positive welfare effect on both countries since they can exploit their absolute and comparative advantages. Only costs of transporting goods between countries can keep them from exploiting those advantages". However, in practice developing nations focused themselves on producing goods that had lower international market value. Whereas, developed nations focused on further developing their technologies and produced goods with greater international market value. Therefore, developing nations stayed at a comparative disadvantage as compared to their developed counterparts."

Tags:free, trade, fair, trade, classical, neoclassical, problems

Abstract
This work makes a thorough review of the available literature relating to U.S. trade relations and policy with China, as well as the impact that free trade has had upon human civil rights and democracy in the country of China. The paper states that one of the important outcomes of free trade in the country of China has been the reduction of poverty. This in turn, according to the paper, has lead to growing power vested in citizens of the country and less power vested in the ruling party. Furthermore, it asserts that the rapid change in China has been termed to be a 'transformation' in many primary aspects of living demonstrated in the improved economic and financial aspects in China, as well as serving to impact political aspects in the country as well. The paper concludes that the government in China does not appear to be ready to shun the economic benefits of trade liberalization even if that means making room for the effects of democratization that goes along with economic benefits.

Outline:
Introduction
Idealism versus Realism
Free Trade: U.S.and China Trade Relations
Trade Liberalization and Democratization
Creeping Democratization (Minxin, 1995)
Summary and Conclusion

From the Paper
"The work of Ying Ma relates that in spite of what the United States or even the citizens of China may desire, 'the Chinese Government has so far quashed and neutralized pressure for fundamental political change. Beijing controls and stunts precisely those instruments that contribute to the success of broad-cased domestic opposition: It cracks down on political opponents, co-opts potential ones, and indoctrinates the masses. It is eagerly attempting to maximize economic modernization while minimizing its liberalizing effects.' (Ma, 2007) Ying Ma states that there are several 'concrete steps' that might assist promotion of democracy in China. The first of these steps is that 'the United States should not wade into the quandary of slowing Chinese economic growth and cannot stop the Chinese government from institutionalization itself or co-opting its rival political groups,...' however it is possible that the U.S. can do more toward combating 'other sources of authoritarian resilience by strengthening China's political opposition and countering the regime's restriction of coordination goods that range from press freedom to the ability to organize.'"

Tags:trade, democracy, benefits, economics, politics, liberalization

Abstract
This paper discusses the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the free trade that it supports. The paper presents and discusses the debate over the WTO and free trade and presents the views of those who support it and are critical of it. It examines the fundamental inequality in global trade that is fostered by the WTO and suggests that global trade serves to support the wealth and power of a global economic elite.

From the Paper
"As this example suggests, while global trade and its associated wealth may be expanding rapidly - a process which the WTO seems to support - in many cases this expansion serves to promote inequality on a global scale instead of shared prosperity. When we consider that only 1/200th of the price of an average coffee beverage is actually paid to the original harvester of the crop, we can understand the extraordinary profits made at different middle stages of the trade before coffee is actually consumed in the wealthy markets of the world. The expanding and highly profitable global trade in coffee thus allows us to understand that while trade may expand and greater wealth is created as a result, this does not necessarily have to be equally or fairly distributed wealth. In fact, in many cases, global trade seems to support greater inequality."

Tags:expansion, prosperity, domination, free, trade

Abstract
This paper deals with the imperialism of free trade and the expansion of this trade between many countries in the world and England of the time. The paper also includes a review of how trade was organized then and how it is organized now. In addition to this, the paper details a few controls which have resulted in our modern day trade that also allow many of us to enjoy vast trade benefits which might not have been the case if imperialism of trade had not occurred.

From the Paper
"In the early 1800s the British Empire was still recovering from the economic blow to their nation from the fight for the American Colonies, as well as massive industrial growth within their own country. Financially the bill was significant but the trade issues that faced the country were new and would only improve the financial state of the government, as well as the company owners and traders. However, as with all things, trading would be a very sensitive issue with some countries and obviously a political issue in England, as well as the chosen countries of trade."

Tags:imperialism, free, trade

Abstract
This paper provides a company profile of the El Paso Corporation, a leading provider of natural gas services in North America, which holds a primary position in every segment of the natural gas value chain through vertical integration from natural gas production to transportation, trading and power generation. It discusses how the demand for natural gas is increasing accompanied by deregulation and convergence of energy markets and the implications for significant growth opportunities for large, financially strong companies in the energy business. It analyzes the current industry looking at competition, rivalry among existing firms, the threat of substitute products, consumers, suppliers and trends and shows the potential effect on the company of competition and threats.

From the Paper
"Conversely, with deregulation succeeding creating more competition, customers may switch to other providers causing a downward pressure on prices and margins. The threat to the industry lies if a plentifully available, cheaper source of energy such as wind emerges and from environmental concerns over carbon emissions and global warming. Globally, expensive investments in exploration, finding and production can be jeopardized by the threat of war or economies suddenly closing doors due to internal strife, change in ideology etc."

Tags:deregulation, global, warming, competition, value, chain