Abstract
The paper examines the article "Trade and Labour Standards--Theory, New Empirical Evidence, and Policy Implications" where the authors discuss labour standards in high standard and low standard countries, potential links between these labour standards and each market's comparative trade advantages and the relationship between labour standards in general and export markets. The paper shows how the authors are adept at proper research methodologies but maintains that they need to refine their topic and make the subject of the research somewhat more useful for the intended audience.

From the Paper
"Labour standards are an important issue within the context of trade negotiations and the policy formulation which accompanies them. The authors do an excellent job of making the relationship between these two concerns readily apparent to even the average reader that may not be intimately familiar with trade related information. The primary concern regarding labour standards in trade negotiations is how they impact a particular market's ability to leverage comparative trade advantages or in how to construct an equitable tariff structure: "Labour interests in high-standards countries argue that low labour standards are an unfair source of comparative advantage, and that increasing imports from low-standards countries will have an adverse impact on wages and working conditions"(Dehejia & Samy 3)."

Tags:export, market, tariffs, trade, negotiations, research, model

Abstract
This paper is a detailed assessment of international labour standards in the contexts of globalization. This essay produces three analytical methods for the evaluation: positive, normative and strategic analyses. These methods are provided here for studying the case of "linkage" of labor standards, and the impact of this on trade policy.

Abstract
The paper relates that with the establishment of the global market and the importance of the movement of products and services across borders and geographic boundaries, trade and labour issues are increasingly important. The paper looks at how Vivek Dehejia and Yiagadeesen Samy discuss some the important concerns related to these issues in the context of trade and labour standards in their groundbreaking article entitled, "Trade and Labour Standards-Theory, New Empirical Evidence, and Policy Implications". The paper explains that these authors approach the topic from several perspectives: 1) labour standards as they are manifested in both high standard countries as well as low standard countries, 2) potential links between these labour standards and each market's comparative trade advantages, and 3) the relationship between labour standards in general and export markets as well as foreign direct investment inflows into a given market.

From the Paper
"With the establishment of the global market and the importance of the movement of products and services across borders and geographic boundaries, trade and labour issues are increasingly important. Vivek Dehejia and Yiagadeesen Samy discuss some the important concerns related to these issues in the context of trade and labour standards in their groundbreaking article entitled, Trade and Labour Standards--Theory, New Empirical Evidence, and Policy Implications. These authors approach the topic from several perspectives: 1) labour standards as they are..."

Tags:trade, wage, labour

Abstract
This paper analyzes existing international labor laws and discusses these laws in the contexts of globalization. Some of the issues covered in this essay include international trade agreements and their impact on labor standards, international laws regarding unions and worker rights, as well as economic contexts of capitalism and imperialism. This paper also offers strategic solutions for international labor laws as a way to anticipate the problems of labor and globalization.

Abstract
This paper researches the relationship between the United States and China in regards to trading policies. A brief description of the United States' foreign policy is provided followed by an examination of the US-China trade relation from 1979 to present. The context of the research centers around the four p's in trading; power, principles, prosperity and peace and how in each area China has maintained such variables in trading. The other issues that are discussed as integral to the relationship of US-China trade are US-Soviet relations in regards to the China Card, Tiananmen Square, human rights, and labor standards. The paper concludes that the relationship between the U.S and China as described in the paper is teetering and yet, because of the WTO and foreign investments such as Boeing, trade with China is inevitable.

Outline:
China's Trade
China's Trade Relations
China Card
Tiananmen Square Protests of 1989
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The concept of trade between countries is one that has been prevalent since the shipping industry of early China. In fact China and its role with the WTO is one in which there exists strain. China became a member of the WTO in December of 2001. China had been an original member of GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) but has since declined any efforts towards globalization. However, since its inclusion with the WTO in 2001 China is under specific WTO regulations. These regulations are highlighted as nondiscrimination in trading policies, market opening, transparency and predictability, undistorted trade, and preferential treatment towards developing countries."

Tags:GATT, WTO, China, Card, Tiananmen, Square, human, rights, labor, standards

Abstract
The paper looks at Armstrong Holdings, Inc, a company that operates various divisions within the commercial and residential building supplies industry. The paper relates that Armstrong has operations in the Mexican market in both flooring and ceiling products, but is intent on expanding its ceramics line of products into that market as well. The paper discusses how Armstrong has to meet product and service standards in the Mexican market, fulfill World Trade Organization (WTO) and North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) restrictions and comply with Mexican labor laws.

Outline:
Abstract
Executive Summary
Overview
Product & Service Standards
International & Legal Frameworks
Impact on Armstrong
Conclusion
Recommendations

From the Paper
"Armstrong Holdings, Inc. operates various divisions within the commercial and residential building supplies industry with a concentration on flooring, ceiling, and cabinetry products. These commercial and residential building products are in high demand because they are central to any office or residential structure and while some markets are experiencing a slow down in growth, other markets are seen as growth markets. Armstrong Holdings, Inc. is considering expanding its ceramic products line into other international markets with a focus on the Mexican market. Mexico, despite its reputation as a developing market has a thriving economy and a population of approximately 107 million individuals. Since Armstrong Holdings, Inc. already has a construction products division in Mexico City, it is believed this greatly reduces the resource requirements necessary to establish its ceramic product line in that market."

Tags:fair, trade, labor, regulations, NAFTA, WTO, licenses, documentation

Abstract
This paper explains that the "new" theory of international trade is based on the industrial organization approach, which focuses on market shares between domestic and foreign firms; a gain for the domestic firm in a country directly reciprocates a loss for the foreign firm or country. The author points out that U.S. companies participate in business in different countries, not only for cheap labor, but also because they work to integrate their corporate codes of conduct into their Latin American operations.The paper stresses that standards, technical regulations, and certification systems are important for the functioning of economies and trade because various government technical regulations and standards can serve as barriers to international trade.

Table of Contents
International Trade Promoting Economic Growth in APEC
International Trade and Investment in America
Introduction
The U.S. Companies Business Pursuits Bringing Positive Change to Latin America
The U.S. Companies Business Pursuits Bringing Positive Change to China
New WTO Trade Negotiations to Boost the Economy
Improving Economy with Trade Negotiations
Economic Integration and Regionalism
Trade Facilitation, Regulatory Reform, and Standards

From the Paper
"In the year 200, The Leaders meeting, the Ministerial meetings, and the CEO Summit in Los Cabos were held to find ways of creating opportunities, updating, and sharpening the vision of the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum for the future. People who participated in this meeting spent a lot of time in preparing for them. The CEO's of three leading organizations of business in North America prepared a Joint Statement on how APEC can cater to provide global leadership and find ways of supporting greater economic growth in the Asia-Pacific region. In implementing the same policy, the NAFTA has been extremely successful especially, since the economic partners at different levels of development have been able to attain higher levels in growth, trade, and creating jobs. This is why NAFTA has served to be an example for APEC when it comes to its future strategies and implementation action."

Tags:china, standards, regulations, organization, regionalism

Abstract
This paper analyses four sources of UK employment law and practice; the domestic common law, statutory law, the European convention and international labour standards. The paper considers what legal provisions exist, if any, to effect a conclusive right for workers and trade unions to lawfully instigate and participate in industrial strike action as a means of addressing labour disputes. The paper shows how the law does make provision for strike action to effectively take place, by granting statutory, albeit limited, immunities.

Outline:
Abstract
Domestic Common Law
Domestic Statutory Law
The ECHR and a 'Human Right' to strike?
International Recognition of a Right to Strike
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Whilst the statutory law in the UK has seen much change over the years in the extent to which it has either sought to provide for, or sought to restrain the use of industrial action in labour disputes ; the common law, by way of contrast, has continuously followed the general principle that an employee is fundamentally obliged under his contract of employment to provide his labour. Consequently, "any form of industrial action by a worker is a breach of contract which entitled the employer at common law to dismiss the worker" , and / or to refuse the paying of wages , and / or to even sue for damages . As such, notwithstanding the fact that the latter option has rarely been pursued in practice by employers , it can be clearly seen from the outset that the common law provides employees with no means of effectively engaging in strike action without risking potential loss of employment and financial ruin."

Tags:statutes, industrial, action, employers, employees, unions, international, domestic

Abstract
The dissertation looks at the history of communism in Poland and its fall. The dissertation then looks at the economy of Poland, the main natural resources, the economy under Communism, the centrally planned economy, and the economy after the fall of Communism. The dissertation then moves on to looking at the processes of marketization and stabilization in Poland and the macroeconomic indicators for the crucial 1990-1991 period. The privatization process in Poland follows, and the subsequent structure of the economy is analyzed. The main markets supporting the economy, i.e., fuels and energy, industry, agriculture, fishing and forestry, banking and finance, and foreign trade are examined. Once the economic history of Poland has been discussed and analyzed, the dissertation then moves to looking at how Polish companies have reacted to ethical issues and changes in business standards since the fall of communism in 1989. This takes the form of looking, principally, at what constitutes ethical business in Poland, how ethical business is regulated and monitored in Poland, how changes have been made so far in business ethics in Poland since the fall of Communism, and how these changes relate to changes over the same period at an international level. A discussion of the merits of entering into the EU, in terms of business ethics, is also provided.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Chapter 1: Poland?s Economy Pre-Communism?s Fall
Section 1.1. Poland?s Natural Resources
Section 1.1.1. Minerals and Fuels
Section 1.1.2. Agricultural Resources
Section 1.1.3. Labor Force
Section 1.2. The Polish Economy Under Communism
Section 1.2.1. System Structure
Section 1.2.2. Development Strategy
Section 1.3. The Centrally-Planned Economy
Section 1.3.1. Establishing the Planning Formula
Section 1.3.2. Retrenchment and Adjustment in the 1960s
Section 1.3.3. Reliance on Technology in the 1970s
Section 1.3.4. Reform Failure in the 1980s
Chapter 2: Poland?s Economy After the Fall of Communism
Section 2.1. Poland After the Fall of Communism
Section 2.2. Fall of Communism
Section 2.3. Marketization and Stabilization
Section 2.3.1. Required Short-Term Changes
Section 2.3.2. The Shock Strategy
Section 2.3.3. Initial Results
Section 2.3.4. Long-Term Requirements
Section 2.4. Macroeconomic Indicators for 1990-91
Section 2.4.1. Price Increases
Section 2.4.2. Impact on Productivity and Wages
Section 2.4.3. Statistical Distortions
Section 2.4.4. Agricultural Imbalances
Section 2.4.5. Causes of Decline
Section 2.5.The Polish Post-Communism Privatization Process
Section 2.6. Structure of Poland?s Economy: Post-Communism
Section 2.6.1. Fuels and Energy
Section 2.6.2. Coal
Section 2.6.3. Oil and Gas
Section 2.6.4. Power Generation
Section 2.6.5. Industry
Section 2.6.6. Light Industry
Section 2.6.7. Automotive Industry
Section 2.6.8. Construction Machinery
Section 2.6.9. Banking and Finance
Section 2.7. The State Banking System
Section 2.8. Banking Reform, 1990-92
Section 2.8.1. Insurance and Securities Reform
Section 2.8.2. New Financial Institutions
Section 2.8.3. Foreign Loans and Money Supply
Section 2.8.4. Foreign Trade
Section 2.8.5. The Foreign Trade Mechanism
Section 2.9. Post-communist Policy Adjustments
Section 2.10. The Role of Currency Exchange
Section 2.11. Foreign Investment
Chapter 3: Business Ethics in Poland
Section 3.1. Introduction
Section 3.2. What is Meant (and Understood) by the Term ?Business Ethics? in Poland?
Section 3.3. Developing Standards of Business Ethics in Poland
Section 3.3.1. The Polish Transition
Section 3.3.2. Difficulties in Adjusting
Section 3.3.3. Identifying the Problem: Polish Chamber Survey Results
Section 3.3.4. Setting Ethical Standards
Section 3.3.5. Letting Market Forces Work
Section 3.3.6. The Highlights from the Polish Chamber's Sample Code of Ethics
Section 3.3.7. Western Aid In Fighting Corruption
Chapter 4: Conclusions
Bibliography

From the Paper
"Poland's climate features moderate temperatures and adequate rainfall that enable cultivation of most temperate-zone crops, including all the major grains, several industrial crops, and several varieties of fruit (www.countrystudies.us/poland.htm). Crops are distributed according to the substantial regional variations in soil and length of growing season (www.countrystudies.us/poland.htm). The sandy soils of the central plains are most suitable for rye, the richer soil in the south favors wheat and barley, and the poorer soil of the north is used for oats (www.countrystudies.us/poland.htm). All parts of Poland favor potato cultivation; sugar beets, the most important industrial crop, grow mainly in the west and southeast (www.countrystudies.us/poland.htm)."

Tags:east, europe

Abstract
The paper shows that if the answer is yes to the question of obligation, how can these large corporations best be encouraged to live up to these obligations? As both international trade and international commerce have become globalized, humanity is facing unprecedented challenges in terms of the demands corporations are placing upon our social and governmental structures.