Abstract This paper analyzes the role that humandevelopment plays in the classroom. The paper explains that some classroom problems might result from a teacher's lack of understanding of humandevelopment and then discusses teacher behaviors that would promote students' thnking abilities. The paper also discusses behaviors that help students achieve greater success as well as behaviors that would promote the social and emotional well-being of the individual student and improve the classroom environment for children.
From the Paper "The purpose of this paper is to explore human development in education by analyzing its importance to the classroom and problems that can occur when teachers' fail to understand human development in their classes. The paper also discusses teacher behaviors that promote students' thinking abilities and behaviors, helping them to achieve optimal academic success as well as promote their social and emotional well-being. The final section of the paper examines diversity and equity focusing on those classroom practices and materials that promote diversity and..."
Abstract The paper explains the benefits of a humandevelopment approach to trade policy, but also notes that unrestricted trade can have significant negative components for workers in both developed and especially developing countries. The paper discusses how a gender analysis can be incorporated into a broader humandevelopment approach. The paper explains that an awareness of the role of gender in the process of developingtrade policies is not simply a matter of equity or justice, but also of critical importance to economic development.
From the Paper "A human development to economic growth and trade policy is a relatively new economic model that is the endpoint of a long tradition of human-centred economics. This approach centers people and people's needs at the core of the economic processes; as their subject and not their object. While this understanding of economics is relatively new in many respects - with the first United Nations Human Development Report being published in 1990 - the basic features of this approach have been concerns of preeminent economic thinkers such as Smith, Mill, Marx and Malthus for generations (UNDP 2003, 22-23)."
This extensive paper is a research study asking if a democratic systems of governance remain the most ideal form of government to effectively achieve a state's developmental aims.
Abstract This paper investigates the connection between the types or forms of government and their performance in terms of the humandevelopment index (HDI), which is a more reliable measurement of development as a referent of its effect and contribution to the human person. The author argues that democratic forms of government are better able to provide for the advancement of humandevelopment because they allow for more meaningful public participation. The paper indicates that more than 60% of all dominant-assembly-oriented types (mostly referred to as parliamentary systems of government) and 20% of accountable-executive-oriented (mostly referred to as presidential systems) fall within categories regarded as "high humandevelopment" and roughly 24 percent of the former and 57% of the latter countries are within the "medium humandevelopment" category.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Related Literature
Structures of Government
Table. Riggs's Classification of Polity's (Political Systems)
Democracy and Development HumanDevelopment Classification of Forms of Government
Table. Classification of Forms of Government Used in the Paper
HumanDevelopment Index and Forms of Government
Table. High HumanDevelopment Table. Medium HumanDevelopment Table. Low HumanDevelopment Distribution of Each Governmental Type across HD Levels
Table. Distribution of Each Type of Governmental Form across HD Levels
Table. HDI by Designated Regions and Clusters
Conclusion: Democracy for HumanDevelopment
From the Paper "There are governments as well, which may have plurality in terms of decision-making but it is dispersed among a few like-minded individuals advancing a common cause and not allowing for existence of competing groups or parties. This characterizes the third type of governmental system which still greatly persists in the present era--the ruling-party oriented type (Type 3). Theocratic governments are sub-classified under this since theocratic governments whether multi-party or not, allow a rather very little room for ideological dissent and since their main goals are to conservatively advance a particular religion and way of life and sometimes at the expense of political rights and civil liberties."
Tags: choice participation, elected representatives, humandevelopment index, orthotonic
Abstract The stage theories are important tools in understanding the psychology of humandevelopment and they offer reasonably simple explanations of human behavior. The question that arises is how accurate a theory that is based on characterizing human behavior in general can be when applied to one particular person. This consideration is investigated in the paper by exploring one individual and how stage theories can be applied. The person chosen is a young adult who owns his own home, is married and is planning to have children in a few years. He has graduated from college, is working and is studying towards gaining a masters degree. This individual's development is considered by looking at three stage theories and how each of these apply to his life. The first stage theory is the social development theory of Erikson. The second is the cognitive development theory of Piaget and third is the moral development theory of Kohlberg.
From the Paper "The next stage theory to be considered is Piaget's. While Erikson's focused on social development, Piaget focuses on cognitive development. Piaget's theory involves four stages an individual develops through from birth to adulthood, with the individual developing new skills at each stage. These stages are sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational. The sensorimotor period occurs from birth to age two. In this stage, infants "learn about their world through their senses and motor behavior? (Seamon & Kenrick 1994, p. 368). The preoperational period occurs between ages two and seven. This stage is defined by the individual's lack of ability to think logically. The concrete operational period occurs between ages seven and twelve. This stage is defined by the individual's ability to think logically. At this stage the individual is able to think about concrete problems, but not rational ones."
This paper discusses the HumanDevelopment Index (HDI), which was first calculated in 1990 by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) as an indicator of humandevelopment in both industrial and lesser developed nations.
Abstract This paper explains that the HumanDevelopment Index (HDI) presumes that in a hypothetical ideal situation everyone would have the opportunity to make choices about the essential issues in their lives. The author points out that HDI is a helpful calculation method because it uses specific indicators of a nation's various developmental factors to create a more generalized index, thus simplifying a very complex reality. The paper relates finding of the application of the HDI such as investment in human capabilities is a never-ending process and it is not obvious that the payoff, in monetary terms at least, is greater when levels of development are low. Chart.
From the Paper "This ideal state is assigned a value of one and the various countries' levels are calculated accordingly on a zero to one scale. This emphasis on empowerment is important to this thesis since it addresses the question of independence versus dependence. For example, in an ideal case everyone in the world would have the opportunity to use the Internet, because they would have the adequate educational background, pleasant environment without major factors threatening their lives and living conditions, and the economic resources to take advantage of network services. HDI indicates the distance countries have to travel to reach such equal and independent possibilities in reality."
Tags: presumption, women, factors, methodology, gdp
Abstract The paper discusses the main theories of humandevelopment, including environmental versus epigenetic theories, Freud's psychoanalytic theory, Watson's behaviorist theory and Skinner's classical conditioning theory. The paper also examines Bandura's social learning theory, Piaget's cognitive theory, Maslow's concept of humanism and Kohlberg's seven stages of moral development.
Outline:
Introduction
Environmental versus Epigenetic Theories
Psychoanalytic Theory
Behaviorist Theory (Watson)
Classical Conditioning
Social Learning Theory
Cognitive Theory
Humanism Stages of Moral Development Conclusion
From the Paper "There has always been a substantial disagreement between 'nature versus nurture.' Epigenetic theories assume that the human is primarily influenced in his/her development by genetic factors (Ojiem, 2006), while environmental theorists emphasize the influence of environmental--'nurture'--as the primary influence on development.
"Most recent works have cited the combination of the two (Groduitskii, 2001) as providing an influence on overall development."
Abstract This paper looks at one model of humandevelopment that, at its conclusion, has some considerations regarding just how depression occurs and why it is such a problem. Also examined within this essay are biological, psychological, and social causes for and effects of depression among society's hurting and down-and-out. Finally, the theory of human and adult development used is critiqued regarding its inadequacies , its relevance and fit with today's society, and some important omissions that can be found.
From the Paper "In today's society, the problem of depression is rapidly growing among all demographics and sectors of people. Children are taking anti-depressants more often than ever before, people of all ages and walks of life are seeking psychological or other professional help for their blues or problems, and the overall condition of depression is more widely realized and recognized than it has been in previous generations. Young adults, those between the ages of 18 and 28, seem to be especially vulnerable to depression. While there are many various and sundry factors that may play a role (large or small) in causing depression among adults, there are several that are tested and respected among the psychiatric, psychological, medical, and academic communities. This paper shall take a look at one model of human development that, at its conclusion, has some considerations regarding just how depression occurs and why it is such a problem."
A comparison of cognitive theories and a discussion of assumptions, propositions and applications of humandevelopment and learning, particularly affecting childhood educators.
Abstract This paper analyzes cognitive theories, assumptions, propositions and applications of humandevelopment and learning. It looks at some of the many ways in which cognitive development can be learned. It then focuses on three assumptions about children and human nature which might be problematic for educators, specifically early childhood educators.
Table of Contents:
Major Assumptions and Propositions
Comparison of Cognitive Theories: Bruner and Vygotsky
Constructivism and the Classroom
From the Paper "In the 80s and 90s, a form of information processing theory called connectionism was formulated to describe and predict non-linear thinking. Otherwise known as parallel distributed processing, this theory describes the mind as a large, multiple networks of associations. Each network responds to new experience by becoming either stronger or weaker, and each operating independently of and in parallel with the others (Siefert, 2002). After each experience, relevant networks adapt to better a child's future performance.Balancing a cup of juice, for example, stimulates various sensory associations within a child's hand, arm, and body. Some of these become stronger and others weaker as experience with cups of juice accumulate, but the eventual result an ability to balance a cup (Siefert, 2002). The assumptions supporting connectionism are more compatible with the realities of classroom life. It is noted that learning by children takes place because synchronized learning of separate networks that integrate."
Abstract This paper discusses "2001:A Space Odyssey" by Arthur C. Clarke and "Lost Horizon" by James Hilton. The writer explains that while the genre of these two books are different, each author works a similar idea - humandevelopment - from different points of view.
From the Paper "In the larger sense, though, the main character is not any individual at all but Mankind, and the novel is the story of human beings from the time of their origin as human beings to the next step in the evolutionary cycle leading past homo sapiens to whatever designation would be given to the superior beings to come. Everything in the story centers on the development of the human race for a higher purpose, and this development is guided by unknown and unidentified extraterrestrials, never seen but implied and symbolized by the monolith appearing first among the prehumans of the African plain, then on the moon, and finally floating in space and serving as the stargate through which Frank Bowman passes on his epic journey, leading to the appearance of the Starchild: "With eyes that already held more than human intentness, the baby stared into the depths of the crystal monolith, seeing--but not yet understanding--the mysteries that lay beyond" (Clarke 233). The people of Shangri-La also seem to represent an advance in evolution, for they have attained great longevity and live more contented lives, as Chang explains when he tells Conway that "the process of retarding age would begin, and if successful, might give Conway half a century or so at the apparent age of forty" (Hilton 182)."
Tags: clarke, hilton, space, odyssey, horizon, shangri-la, conway, bowman, poole
Abstract This paper discusses some of the main theories of humandevelopment that focus on cognitive development, environmental influences and a combination of the two. It looks at theories that include psychoanalytic, learning, humanistic, cognitive and ethological. The paper focuses on the theory that best aligns with the writer's own approach to teaching - Albert Bandura's theory of learning and social cognition.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Psychoanalytic Theory
Learning Theory
Humanistic Theory
Cognitive Theory
Ethological Theory
Theorist who's Beliefs Align with My Approach to Teaching
How this Theory Directly Applies and Relates to the Classroom
Conclusion
From the Paper "The work of Albert Bandura has emphasized the role of environmental influences in shaping behavior patterns so much so that he has laid the responsibility for creating positive environments for child development directly at the feet of parents, teachers, and other caregivers. The principles of social learning through modeling and reinforcement have also made adults, especially teachers, very aware of the role they play in modeling behaviors for children. During the school year, school age children spend more hours at school than at home, therefore, the behavior of their teachers is extremely important in relation to social learning and behavior modeling. Additionally, Bandura's view that individuals have partial control over the environment around them by their reaction to it has great implications for the classroom. It can be surmised that when children feel comfortable and at ease in the classroom they will excel. Especially if these children do not feel powerless, but instead feel as though they have some control, however minor, over the environment."
An analysis of U.S. trade and foreign policy, discussing how trade is not being used for economic reasons alone, but to forward foreign policy, democracy and the benefit of free markets and development throughout the world.
Abstract The following paper discusses the case of Morocco, a strategically-situated moderate Arab country that can leverage the current geo-political situation to achieve economic gains in trade and development during a time when the U.S. is looking for all the friends in the Arab world it can get.
From the Paper "The United States? trade policy has developed in a schizophrenic manner over the last fifty years; for much of the 20th century, Americans generally supported a U.S. trade policy of removing barriers to international commerce and encouraging a freer flow of trade and investment among nations; at this time, support for free trade extended from union leaders to the major business organizations and to consumer groups such as the League of Women Voters. However, by the end of that decade, the broad pro-trade consensus was wavering. Domestic industries, notably steel and automobiles, began to suffer from rising foreign competition, unemployment became an enduring experience for many factory workers and the membership of the major industrial unions declined substantially."
Abstract This paper examines Abraham Maslow's theory of humandevelopment, which Maslow diagrammed as a hierarchy of needs. The paper provides a comprehensive description of this hierarchy, the base of which is formed by physiological needs, followed by social needs and culminating in self-actualization. The paper discusses the stages of early childhood development in relation to Maslow's hierarchy, and includes an overview of the developmental problems with abused children.
Table of Contents
Theory of HumanDevelopment Physiological Needs
Safety/Order Needs
Social Needs
Esteem Needs
Self-actualization
Development Stages
Development Flaws in Abused Children
Bibliography
From the Paper "Abraham Maslow's theory of human development suggests that basic needs are physiological and that the ultimate at the top of the pyramid model is self-actualization, which implies an unattached human being realizing its full potential and autonomy (Maslow). Maslow's theory of human development involves moving from basic needs (food and shelter) to social needs (love and esteem) to the highest needs on his hierarchy, which lead to self-actualization. According to Maslow's theory, humans have several types of needs: physiological, safety/order, social, esteem and self-actualization (Maslow). These needs are the basis of his human development theory."
Abstract This paper addresses the issue of race and its effect on human intelligence and development. It presents the position of Jared Diamond, the author of " Guns, Germs, And Steel: The Fates of Human Societies" who argues against the notion that race plays a role in humandevelopment and intelligence and then presents the position stated in "The Bell Curve". This book, by Richard J. Herrnstein and Charles Murray, assumes an exact opposite position and asserts that whites are inherently more intelligent than blacks and that intelligence is genetically inherited and basically fixed.
From the Paper "So does race play a part in intelligence and human development? Diamond feels that the answer to that question is absolutely not. His theory is that history followed different paths for different races not because of biological factors, but due to social environments. Many historians and scientists feel that Diamond's explanation is wrong and over simplifies the real issues of race, human development and intelligence. But Diamond feels that many historians and scientists, by seeming to be objective and impartial, legitimized racial theories in the eyes of many Americans who were otherwise prone to believe in the equality of all human beings."
Abstract This paper discusses the different criteria that affect the way that individual beings develop themselves. It looks at the way that humandevelopment is defined or is greatly influenced by religion, history and environment. The paper then discusses the various differences that can be found in humandevelopment as differentiated by the these specific factors.
Table of Contents:
HumanDevelopment in Relation to their Social Environment
Age and Rites of Passage
The Family
Social Stratification and Division
The Law
Observation
From the Paper "As societies advanced and progress, laws were created and enforced to address the deviant behaviors of individuals in society. Deviance refers to the non conformity of an individual with the society's social, moral or legal rule. The notion of crimes came into being as a result of the establishment of laws and the legal system. Punishments are imposed that vary in gravity according to the weight of a crime. Laws aimed to create peace and harmony in societies. As societies are flooded with different people from different culture, laws evolve to accommodate and protect their rights. Among countries, treaties are signed to avert aggression against each other. On the other hand, sanctions are imposed on countries that are perceived to be a threat to world peace and security."
Abstract This paper explains Urie Bronfenbrenner's theory, which suggests that human behavioral development is shaped by one's environment. The theory cites "spheres of influence" to show the relevance of social spheres on behavioral development. The paper includes a diagram.
From the Paper "The value of Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory and subsequent research are of great importance to the field of adult education. The external emphasis of his work has revealed that environmental conditions are of paramount importance, especially during the years of primary education. These factors affect the quality of education children receive and are instrumental in contributing to continuance of education in adult life. His work also reflects how government programs can be very effective in raising educational achievement in even the most underprivileged groups in our society."
