Abstract
Provides an overview of the theory of sports anxiety in general. Discusses the debilitating effect on performance. Reviews three experiments dealing with anxiety levels of athletes.

From the Paper
"SPORTS ANXIETY IN RUNNING TRACK:
NATURE OF THE PROBLEM AND STEPS TO CORRECT IT
Introduction
As noted by Orlick and Partington (1998), the ability to cope with pressure and anxiety is an important element of success in the field of sports; this is ..."

Abstract
This paper examines the troublesome issue of eating disorders in professional sports. The author discusses how male and female athletes feel pressured to gain or lose weight in order to enhance their performance, become stronger or faster, or keep their positions on their respective teams. Information is evaluated which indicates that female professional athletes are more at risk of eating disorders because of their different metabolisms, especially in the Olympic sports of gymnastics, track and field, and skating.

Abstract
The paper explores how, over the past decade, women's athletics has seen an exceptional increase in popularity. While "traditional" women's sports such as tennis, gymnastics and ice-skating have always been popular among the American public, other sports such as soccer, basketball and boxing are gaining new fans. The paper shows, however, that the popularity of women in sports has not been an overnight phenomenon. It explores how women athletes have been slowly knocking down barriers for decades, from Wilma Rudolph (track) to Billie Jean King (tennis) to Nancy Lieberman Kline (basketball), women athletes have done more than just compete, that have campaigned for the inclusion of women in sports and have been outstanding advocates for women in athletics. This paper explores the rise of women's participation in athletics and how the present day has witnessed the best support for women athletes in American history.

From the Paper
"Undeniably, women have made remarkable strides in athletics. Women athletes have much more issues to conquer than their male counterparts. For example, male athletes do not have to deal with sexism and a culture that prevents them from realizing their true potential. A revolutionary law, Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 is a federal law that prohibits sex discrimination in any educational program or activity at any educational institution that is a recipient of federal funds. Since the enacting Title IX there has been over an eight hundred percent increase in athletics participation among high school girls. The increase in the number of females participating in sports at all levels from elementary school to professional athletes lies in the paradigm shift in our shared values and beliefs."

Tags:sport, administration, Title, IX, of, the, Education, Amendments, Olympics

Abstract
This paper summarizes the controversial life of the most famous film-maker in Nazi Germany. In detail, the paper examines the making of the movie "Olympia", a documentary film about the Olympics that served the Nazi Government in Germany in 1936. The writer asserts that this film is the first sports film.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Riefenstahl before "Olympia"
Production and Funding
The Preparations
Track and Field
Festival of Beauty
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The National-Socialist Party was elected to the German Government in 1933 and brought with it large social changes. The Reich was supposed to control all the aspects of life, including the arts. Probably, at the begging, the arts, and specially the visual arts, were not a goal of the Nazi ideology, but de factum it became a tool in order to promote the Nazi desires. One could think the Nazi Government obligated the artist community to follow a certain "Nazi style". However, this is not the case; it was impossible to create a "Nazi artistic model" in a period of time that was too short. Gradually, all the different art movements were expulsed, they were told to be "degenerative" and were blamed to be influenced by the international community, the Jews and the Bolsheviks. This situation triggered the growth of irrelevant artists and dormant artistic movements that were accepted by the Nazis. These artists and movements were those that created the core of the Nazi Art during twelve years of Nazi Regime? They had a pro-Nazi tendency and the Nazi ideology is recognized in their works. The Cinema was an integral part of this process and existed as an important part of the Propaganda Machine; becoming an instrument by which the aesthetics and the ideas of the Nazi were presented. About 1200 movies were made during the twelve years of the Reich; most of them were argumental but, in all of tem (including comedies, romantic drama, films for children, etc.), we identify the National-Socialist Doctrine and the Nationalist-Totalitarian approach. Leni Riefensthal's movie, "Olympia", from 1936, is in fact the documentation of the Olympic Games and it was filmed formally for the Olympic Games Organization Committee, under the direction of its General Secretary Carl Dime. In those days Riefensthal was in her professional zenith, she became a movie star in some of the successful "Mountain Films" of Arnold Panck and showed to everyone her talent as director and editor in "Triumph of the Will", also a documentary film, about the Nazi Congress of 1934, that provided her with a good quote of publicity. She was the brilliant filmmaker that became the favorite of the Fuhrer. Although she did not want to be involved in any other documentary movie, she accepted the project and tried to transform it in a revolutionary piece of art. Indeed, "Olympia" was filmed with modern technology and sophisticated techniques: rapid cameras, sub-aquatics cameras, cameras on the top of towers, in planes, balloons, and boats. Holes were excavated in the stadium in order to film the athletes from a special angle and slow-replay clips were introduced (a very modern technique in those days). The professional team, numbering dozens, was directed by Riefensthal and worked intensively during the Olympic Games days. The accurate production and edition took months, and the result was a two-parts brilliant film. We cannot approach the analysis of "Olympia" without looking at the context of the cinema industry under Nazi Government. The central question is whether Riefensthal was independent or not in relation to the Nazi Party, and specially in relation to the Propaganda Minister of the Reich, Joseph Goebbels. We might notice that her relations with the Party and the Government influenced the making of the movie, as well as its goals and its impartiality. Many questions arise while watching "Olympia": Are we discussing about Nazi Propaganda or about the documentation of the Olympic Games (maybe the best one ever done)? Is this movie trying to improve the Classic or the Nazi aesthetics standards? Is this a movie about sports or about politics? Maybe, the answer is that "Olympia" is all of them together. The film that documents the 1936 Olympic Games of Berlin included the spirit of the consentaneous Nazi Art. Many aspects of the National-Socialist aesthetics are found in "Olympia". The film was used for the profit of the new Government and it became a part the general propaganda system that glorified the power of the strong Germany, its noble roots, its citizens, and their loyalty to their country and leader. The so reduced Nazi iconography found its place also here: the idealization of the human body, the virgin nature as a primitive element, the German "vital space", and the rustic panorama. The same aesthetics elements appeared in every visual art (posters, newspapers, post-cards, etc.) and it was part, as we said, of "Olympia" too."

Tags:cinema, Goebbels, media, Nazi, propaganda, sport, women

Abstract
This paper reports on the origins and history of NASCAR, detailing the influence that returning WWII soldiers, the prohibition, the depression and bootlegging had on its development. The paper also takes a look at NASCAR's attempt to move away from its image as a sport that traces its roots to "Good Ol' Boys" running moonshine throughout the southern states.

From the Paper
"Prohibition, together with the Depression, gave many poor farmers and sawmill operators an opportunity to make money by bootlegging (Wilson pp). One of the pioneers in the bootlegging business was Junior Johnson, who went on to become one of the most successful NASCAR drivers of his time (Wilson pp). When the Depression hit, Junior's father, a sawmill operator, turned to bootlegging and is said to have run more moonshine stills in the High Country than anyone else (Wilson pp). Junior began running moonshine when he was fourteen years old, and quickly made a name for himself, running liquor through the back roads at night to places such as Winston-Salem, Boone, and Avery to name a few, and during all his travels, he was never apprehended (Wilson pp)."

Tags:car, drivers, earnhardt, jr, rules, tracks, crowds, fast, powerful, robust, sports, stock

Abstract
This undergraduate paper discusses the ever-popular NASCAR Racing. The paper gives a history of the sport followed by other details and ends with a short building description of "Texas Speed Way" that includes size of the track, building, length of track etc.

Abstract
The research studies the changes that have developed in sports over the past decades and argues that globalization and capitalism are responsible for this change. The mass media has brought these matches into the homes, and this means that the excitement of viewing them live is no longer just limited to those who can afford a ticket or find one. In this way, especially with the development of satellite channels, the whole world is the audience of a football match. This has placed tremendous pressure on the players to perform to the best of their ability and more. The paper shows that media coverage of sports may have caused many players to retire early or to live insecurely due to death threats against them or their families, but it appears to have improved the quality of such games as football. To prove this, the writer look at statistics on the performance of the top players before the media age and top players in this media age. It proves that media has improved the quality of sports, but has removed from it the idea of clean competition and even player loyalties to their clubs or national teams. These players now go after the highest bidder, and it is difficult to keep track of who is playing for which side. Accordingly, the media has transformed sports into a financial game, and it is no longer an athletic one. As a support for the argument that money rather than playing well for the love of the sport itself is the main motivation of the performance of players and clubs, the writer finds statistics on the profits that clubs make through winning and the losses that they suffer by getting beaten. Furthermore, it finds statistics on the salaries of the top players and how their performance affects the terms of the renewal of their contracts. Additionally, the writer finds out how much sponsors and advertisers pay for the presence of their ads during games or their logos on the players' clothes.

From the Paper
"We are now living in a world of instant media communication in which the way that different countries and people interact with each other has greatly changed. The mass media has entered every area of life and covers almost all events, whether large or small. Sports are one area that has received a great amount of media attention, and that attention has changed the nature of some sports such as football. Essentially, that change can be described as the internationalization, or the globalization of football in the sense that the characteristic of the national team has changed forever through the inclusion of foreign players. Media's concentration on football and its live coverage of games has globalized this sport, or made it international. The consequence has been the improvement of the quality of the game, and the potential development if closer cultural understanding between different ethnic groups as a consequence of the diverse ethnic composition of teams and supporters. Some, however, such as the anonymous author of "An English Case Study," published in The Economist, argue that globalization has weakened the development of local footballer talent in countries as the United Kingdom but, on the contrary, the import of foreign talent has improved the performance of many teams, increased their clubs' profits, and uplifted the quality of the game, further rewarding deserving players with experience and money."

Tags:club, athletes, money, globalization

Abstract
This paper is a brief summary of the safety innovations in the sport of high-speed formula one racing. There is an emphasis on the 1955 accident at the Le Mans track that proved the need to enforce safety standards and to "scale" the performance of the cars. Safety measures were taken to bank and widen tracks, to protect the stands, and within the bodies of the cars. Modern formula one racing is considered quite safe and has returned to countries that had originally banned it after the accident at Le Mans.

Abstract
This paper explains that, although Title IX is most famous for demanding parity in funding for athletics for both male and female teams in terms of activities offered, scholarship opportunities and dollars allocated for coaching and equipment, its goal is parity of educational opportunities for men and women in all areas of academia. The author points out that critics of Title IX claim that enforcement has evolved into an unfair quota system and underfunding of collegiate sports such as track and field and crew. The paper relates that one of the most significant impacts of Title IX is that women, regardless of whether they participate in athletics, now graduate from college in numbers proportionate to those of their male counterparts.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
History of Title IX
Recent Legislative Controversy--Title IX
Years of Social Changes and Other Legacies of Title IX
Title IX Not a Panacea--Some Hidden Costs
Conclusion

From the Paper
"In reference to athletics and professional development, it is worthy of note that one cannot simply separate success in athletics from success later in life. Of course, it is a cliche that athletics teach athletes about fairness and good sportsman- (or person)-ship. Scholarship opportunities are also often critical in helping disadvantaged and minority students gain access to a college education and to scholarships, both men and women. So long as the school's commitment to spectator athletics does not outweigh its commitment to academics this can be a boon for the athletes it benefits."

Tags:parity, funding, quotas, opportunity, scholarships

Abstract
This paper looks at the Nike company's rise to prominence within the athletic footwear company and how its business operations abroad have contributed to the company's success. In particular, the paper focuses on Nike's operations in Indonesia and how those operations have impacted that country. The paper also discusses the benefits the that large companies derive from doing business in developing countries as well as the potential problems their business operations create for the host countries.

From the Paper
"The Athletic Footwear Industry is highly competitive. The market share data shows Nike and Reebok as the major players in the industry. Historically, In 1991, Nike led the way with a 29 percent share. Reebok held 23 percent of the market, while the rest of the industry split the remaining 48 percent. As a group, the industry reported a 4.8 percent increase in sales in 1992, but posted a 19.5 percent decline in profits. During 1992, 94 percent of the profits in this industry were recorded by Nike and Reebok. This is an industry clearly dominated by Nike and Reebok."

Tags:sport, phil, knight, track, coach, greek, goddess, victory, athletes, runners, joggers