Abstract
The tourist industry is extremely volatile and vulnerable to extreme losses, particularly when natural disasters and other calamities strike a popular tourist destination. This paper discusses natural disasters and the concept of calamity, and focuses on their impact on the tourism industry, particularly the hospitality industry. Using case studies, this paper clearly shows the impact of these disasters on economies relying on tourism as a mainstay of their financial foundation. Additionally, this paper discusses strategies employed by some of the hardest hit areas in an effort to re-establish their tourism and hospitality base.

From the Paper
"With the waterfront destroyed, and with the vast amount of debris, even those whose fishing boats were not completely destroyed are unable to provide the fish for tourists throughout the rest of Thailand. Further problems in this area of tourism stem from the problems or concerns associated with the diets of the fish caught near Thailand. As the tsunami swept bodies into the ocean, it is likely that at least some fed on those bodies, creating a high possibility for vast epidemics of disease if eaten (Bindloss, 2005). Since a large attraction for tourists to Thailand was the cultural dining and atmosphere, such a devastating consequence will deter still more tourists from visiting this area."

Tags:tsunami, earthquake, terrorism, accommodation, UNESCAP

Abstract
This study provides a discussion of how people make their destination choices when traveling for pleasure. This is followed by an in-depth examination of the economic impact of terrorism on the travel and tourism industry through a critical review of peer-reviewed journal articles, governmental and industry online resources, and other scholarly literature. A summary of the research is presented in the conclusion.

Introduction
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
Driving Forces for Destination Choice
The Economic Impact of Terrorism on International Travel and
Tourism
Current and Future Trends
Conclusions and Recommendations

From the Paper
"Due in large measure to recent innovations in telecommunications, particularly the Internet, people all over the world are learning about new and fascinating places they would like to visit; because of improvement in transportation, they also have better ways to get to these formerly inaccessible destinations. As a result, travel and tourism has emerged in the 21st century as one of the world's largest industries with particular importance for countries with valuable tourist destination such as those in the United States, the Pacific, the European Union and the United Kingdom. The adverse impact of recent surges in terrorism, though, - even in presumably "safe" destinations - has given the travel and tourism industry much to consider today. During a period when even environmentalists are promoting travel and tourism in an effort to help preserve endangered regions and species, understanding the impact of terrorism on the international travel and tourism has assumed new levels of importance."

Tags:terror, holiday, destination, leisure

Abstract
The paper notes that the African tourism industry is booming despite the worldwide threats of terrorism and high aviation fuel costs. The paper analyzes an article that appeared in African Business, "Boom Time for African Tourism," by Nasseem Ackbarally and Neil Ford, which discusses the pros and cons of the boom facing the African tourism industry. The point is made by the paper that Africa depends on the tourist industry for its economic well being.

From the Paper
"While the rise in tourist numbers in Africa is bound to lead to greater investment in the transport infrastructure, including an increased investment in roads and airports, and the water and power resources, the downside is the diversion of scarce resources away from residential and industrial consumers. Most world travelers and even folks that do not get to travel have been enticed by African safaris from an early age."

Tags:tourist, revenues, wars, on, terror, growing, industries, turbulent, environment

Abstract
This paper explains that the press is a good way to get the word out on such attractions and benefits for travelers coming to Australia, featuring natural wonders, historical sites, low prices, resorts and hotels and other amenities. The author points out that a story in the "Canberra Times" reminds motorists that they can expect to pay more in gas prices soon, which will reduce internal tourism among Australians in their own country. The paper relates that articles about threats of terrorism or disease can have an effect on tourism, but these effects tend to be short-lived, diminishing as the direct threat diminishes and as public confidence is restored by governmental action.

From the Paper
"An examination of a number of publications over a period of a month or so shows that there is much interest in the idea of travel and in specific stories about tourism, hotels and resorts, travel to different parts of the world, and the perils of travel as well as the joys. Various businesses involved in travel or hospitality are also profiled both as businesses, asking questions about how well they are performing, and as destinations or means of travel, addressing the concerns of travelers. These stories provide information for Australians traveling to other destinations and extol the virtues of Australian destinations as well."

Tags:hotels, environment, price, terror, sar

Abstract
This paper explains how the single most important industry in Colorado is the tourism industry. It examines the problems to the tourism industry caused by the 9/11 terrorist attacks and the slow-down in spending due to the economic crisis. This paper examines how these factors specifically effect the Colorado tourism industry and what can be done to change this trend.

From the Paper
"These factors have changed the way America travels. Recent studies suggest that people are now traveling closer to home and are using the family car to travel more than they are using commercial transportation (CTO, 2002). While these trends have been bad for the travel and tourism on a national level, these very habits have made Colorado an even more enticing tourist attraction. Colorado was one of very few states that experienced an increase in marketable travel from 2000-2001. During this period travel in Colorado rose from $6.9 billion in 2000 to $7.0 billion in 2001 (CTO, 2002)."

Tags:travel, 9/11, terror, recession

Abstract
The paper explores the patterns of tourism activity in Saudi Arabia both past and present as well as the patterns of tourism activity more generally within the Middle East. This research then conducts an investigation on the impact of safety, security, and terrorism on tourism in terms of the threat that these place upon the demand for tourism in the Middle East. The paper concludes with recommendations for further research in Saudi Arabia tourism development.

Outline:
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Literature Review
Chapter 3: Methodology
Chapter 4: Data Analysis Results
Chapter 5: Summary and Conclusion

From the Paper
"Prior to World War II, only the very affluent and unfortunate duty calling travelers traveled internationally. In fact, the Latin root of the world travel is "travail, in turn" which Tarlow states in Latin means pitchfork. Tourism however, has become with capitalism "...an affordable commodity" and "a pleasurable leisure activity." (Tarlow, 2003, p.1) In fact, so prevalent is the belief that travel should not be a luxury but instead the right of the individual. International trade has resulted in first business and following with leisure travel and what is known as 'heritage tourism has also provoked the rise of radical nostalgia, where people seeking a return to their imagined culture attempt to destroy common current cultures." (Tarlow, 2003, p.1)
"The destruction of national icons has long been a primary focus of terrorists and this is significant not only in terms of the national icon but more powerful significant is the knowledge that these locations attract travelers and often have many individuals visiting each day of the year. Some of these locations include "The Statue of Liberty, the Eiffel Tower, Big Ben, and the Prado are by definition targets of potential terrorist attacks." (Tarlow, 2003, p.1) Such attractions are stated by Tarlow to be "...the symbolic heart and soul of the country. As the keeper of a nation's icons, the tourism industry is more than merely a repository, it is the symbol of national hospitality. The tourism industry can be considered the host of a nation, the way that locals meet others and in the end combat xenophobia.""

Tags:Islam, dangers, risks, suicide, bombers

Abstract
This paper explains that the travel and tourism industry, one of the largest global industries, has experienced continuing growth in spite of terrorism which has hammered the aviation industry but not the travel and tourism industry. The author points out that that the factors associated with the emergence and promotion of travel and tourism are based on increased productivity, the psychological mobility typically associated with broadened horizons, and improvements in transportation and communications facilities. The paper stresses that the gap theories, such as dissonance and importance-performance that seek to explain how tourists first experience certain expectations concerning their travels and then relate these expectations to the reality of their experiences, may provide researchers with the most valuable insights into how and why people will seek out a destination in the first place and why they will either return there or not.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Review and Analysis
Background and Overview
Expectancy Disconfirmation Paradigm (EDP)
Comparison Theory
Value-Precept Theory
Importance-Performance
Equity Theory
The Dissonance Theory
Contrast Theory
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The reasons people travel are as limitless as the number of people involved, but there is a sufficient amount of commonality in their behaviors and rationale to develop some generalities concerning recreation behaviors. The explosive growth of tourism after World War II has clearly been dramatic; this growth has been largely the result of higher discretionary incomes, smaller family size, changing demographics, lower transportation costs, improved public health standards, infrastructure development, and until recently, more hospitable environments for tourists in many destinations, especially long-distance travel and tourism. There is also a clear "build it and they will come" quality to travel and tourism; before the advent of modern transportation systems, only the truly hearty and fearless might seek to explore new horizons in foreign countries. Today, though, things are much different, of course, and virtually any destination in the world in only a few hours away by air."

Tags:growth, transportation, gap, importance, dissonance

Abstract
This paper discusses how Middle Eastern countries like the United Arab Emirates, who are so rich in oil, still depend on tourism to boost their economy. The paper takes a look at how the petroleum producing and exporting nations of the Arabian Peninsula recognize that their countries are growing. And, as their populations expand, oil does not generate the same amount of wealth per-capita as it once did. The paper further discusses how terrorism and catastrophic events such as those of September 11, 2001 conjure up images of potentially devastating attacks on existing oilfields and facilities.

From the Paper
"Yet the infrastructure of tourism demands a great many instances of high capital investment. The capital-labor ratio is high compared to such businesses as insurance or real estate. Tourist accommodations - luxury hotels especially - require a high ratio of staff to consumer. The same goes for restaurants, shopping malls, and entertainment complexes - all of which are necessary to provide the services expected by international travelers. Nevertheless, while hotels and restaurants, for example, provide a return on investment well below the actual funds invested, other industries that bear subsidiary relationships to tourism and hospitality are especially remunerative. Trade, construction, and even handicrafts, all provide returns far in excess of one hundred percent. Each one of these fields can respond directly to a growth in tourism. Construction workers build the hotels, restaurants, and malls that cater to travelers and locals alike, while handicrafts have always been part of the stock-in-trade of the tourism industry. Handicrafts contribute to the "local color" and to foreign perceptions of the people of the United Arab Emirates. The relationship between trade and tourism is somewhat more complex. But it begins with the kinds of business conventions, sporting and cultural events that are adjuncts to many a traveler's visits to a foreign city or nation. Businesspeople can discover Dubai as tourists, and vice-versa. "

Tags:hotels, petroleum, dubai, residential, entertainment

Abstract
The paper examines the impact that terrorism has had on Australians and the way in which their travel has changed since the bombings of the 'Twin-Towers' in New York and 'Paddy's Bar' in Bali. The paper focuses on Bali, a favourite travel destination for Australians for many years. The paper discusses the crucial role the media has played in developing the discourse on modern-day terrorism. The paper also looks at how the Howard regime relates to Muslims.

From the Paper
"Before the bombings in Bali October 2002, Australians travelled to all parts of the globe with abandonment and a carefree attitude that had endeared them to many. Even after the attack on the Twin-Towers New York 2001, Australians had a "Could not happen to us" (Webster, 2002 P.28) mind-set. As a consequence, Australians continued to travel to Bali in large numbers. During 2001, Bali had received "2 million foreign visitors who stayed in 26,000 star-rated hotel rooms" (Webster, 2002 P.27). Although Bali is in Indonesia, and Indonesia is considered a rather risky place to visit because "Of its religious mix and inherent tensions" (Webster, 2002 P.28), Bali has always been perceived as different, by Australians. Because of this, many Australians continued to travel to Bali after the terrorist attacks in New York."

Tags:Muslims, motor, vehicle, Indonesia, media, Howard

Abstract
This paper looks at the development of the aviation industry from Leonardo da Vinci's sketches of fantastic flying machines to the Concorde flights. It looks at how the September 11, 2001, attack seriously impacted the airline and the tourism industries when the airplane was used as a tool to inflict damage and destruction on civilization intentionally and with great malice. It describes the emotional and financial effects on the aviation industry from production to security.

From the Paper
"Reduced passenger volume on planes has seriously affected all dependent industries like the hospitality industry and the aircraft manufacture and servicing industry. Many small towns in America were seriously impacted when their main industry, aircraft manufacturing had to lay off workers. This was observed in Wichita, Kansas where bulk of aircraft industries was located. The town lost 14,000 jobs as a result of September 11 and the town lost billions in revenue and affected the city and town governments in the region. Cessna, an airplane manufacturer in Kansas was the last to announce layoffs and tried to hold on to its employees for as long as possible. Further cutting down of aircraft demand eventually forced the company to layoff workers."

Tags:passenger, airplane, tourism, terror, 9/11, economy, security