Abstract
This is a breakdown of the case and the Supreme Court findings in the case of "Tinker et, al. v. Des Moines Independent Community School District". It involves the protest by a group of students against the Vietnam war by the wearing of black armbands and their suspension from school of doing so. The case examines the constitutionality of the school's action.

From the Paper
""Tinker v. Des Moines" was argued before the Supreme Court of the United States. In December, a group of adults and students held a meeting at the home of Christopher Eckhard, one of the three defendants, to discuss how to publicize their objections to the Vietnam War and it was decided that they would show their support for a truce by wearing black arm bands during the holiday season. Fifteen-year-olds John F. Tinker and..."

Tags:Supreme Court, Tinker v. Des Moines

Abstract
This paper presents and discusses the 1988 case of "Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier" where three former students of Hazelwood East High School contended that their principal ordered the deletion of two pages of articles from an upcoming issue of the school newspaper. The paper presents the arguments of the case and the final ruling of the Supreme Court.

Table of Contents:
Facts of the Case and Rulings
Case Evaluation

From the Paper
"The importance of this decision stems from the fact that it clarifies the extent to which First Amendment rights can be applied in a school setting, which was left open to question after the Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District case generally allowed students to possess this right. A possible political and Constitutional implication of the ruling is that it opens up avenues through which school officials can practice censorship of student expressions deemed as being in opposition to the school's educational mission. Another implication is that it curtails students' rights to freedom of expression within school grounds."

Tags:free speech, First Amendment, school constitution

Abstract
The paper discusses the case of "San Antonio School District v. Rodriguez" which dealt with the method of financing public education in Texas.

From the Paper
"Over the course of the past three or more decades, school finance reform has become a controversial issue that has resulted in numerous courtcases. School finance litigation has been addressed at the state district and national levels. The case to be analyzed herein is "San Antonio School District v. Rodriguez" - a case originating in Texas in which a federal district court declared in ... that the Texas school finance system was unconstitutional in..."

Tags:San Antonio School District v. Rodriguez, school financing

Abstract
The paper discusses an intervention in the Los Angeles Unified School District that would improve teacher leadership.

From the Paper
"The Los Angeles Unified School District, hereinafter called simply the District, is the second largest public school system in the United States and one of the largest organizations of any kind, public or private in the country. Serving a multicultural population of almost ... students, the District is under constant public scrutiny, enormous pressure to improve or reform and subject to perennial debate about whether it should be broken up, taken over or..."

Tags:educational leadership, Los Angeles Unified School District

Abstract
This paper presents a review of a Texas Case hearing on the matter of student's with special disabilities and their right to an education in an inclusive environment. Namely the IRVING INDEPENDENT SCHOOL DISTRICT v. TATRO Supreme Court of the United States, 1984. 468 U.S. 883.

Tags:irving, independent, school

Abstract
The paper discusses how in 1974, a group of Detroit area parents filed a class action against the State of Michigan on the grounds that the Detroit Metro School District was engaging in segregation based on policy or in legal terms de jure or segregation "by fact" (Freidman 296). The paper explains that the parents asserted that Michigan State Statute 48 placed the Michigan government in a position to unconstitutionally interject them into the planned desegregation of the Detroit school district (Friedman 296).

From the Paper
"In 1974 a group of Detroit area parents filed a class action against the State of Michigan on the grounds that the Detroit Metro School District was engaging in segregation based on policy or in legal terms de jure or segregation "by fact" (Freidman 296). The parents asserted that Michigan State Statute 48 placed the Michigan government in a position to unconstitutionally interject them into the planned desegregation of the Detroit school district (Friedman 296). The lower court in Michigan held that the Detroit Board of Education must submit desegregation plans for Detroit area schools only. The United..."

Tags:law, society, politics

Abstract
This paper explains that the Delaware Valley School District (Pennsylvania) implemented Policy 227 stating that all middle and high school students who seek to participate in extracurricular activities or request permission to drive to school would be required to submit themselves to random drug and alcohol testing; thereafter, Louis and Mary Ellen Theodore, parents of two exemplary students, filed suit to prevent the School District from continuing to drug test students by stating that Article 1, Section 8 of the Pennsylvania Constitution, which prevents unreasonable searches and seizures, protects their daughters and all students from Policy 227. The author reports that the United States Supreme Court ruled against the school district stating that a drug testing policy without suspicion will survive constitutional challenge only if the school district makes some actual reasons for the specific need for the policy and gives an explanation for believing that the policy would address that need, rejecting any such symbolic purpose as an appropriate reason for drug testing any group of students. The paper argues that Policy 227 is a fine policy with good intentions; instead, the paper contends that Policy 227 should be changing to only test athletes and student drivers, allowing the school district to cite the "Earls" and "Vernonia" cases as being more comparable thus possibly changing the outcome.

From the Paper
"Another pro for the appellees were their ability to further distinguish themselves from "Vernonia" in the fact that case concerned a "strong drug culture in that school led by student athletes who had a lower expectation of privacy than the general body or even students involved in non-athletics extra-curricular activities." Appellees noted that the District had not even attempted to justify its program by proving the existence of an actual drug crisis in the District, much less within the targeted class of students" (J-97-2003, 7). In fact, since Article 1, section 8, provides greater protection than the 4th amendment, the appellees where able to further argue that "even showing of special need could not be viewed as justifying the sort of random, suspicionless searches conducted under policy 227" (J-97-2003, 7)."

Tags:veronia, extra-curricular, crisis, symbolic, pennsylvania

Abstract
This paper focuses on the school district in Bibb County, Georgia, under Superintendent Sharon Patterson. The paper describes the district as low-income overall, with 70 percent deemed economically disadvantaged. This is not a district with a high rate of immigration among the poor, the paper notes, and indeed only one percent are categorized as English language learners. The number of studnts ikn th district in 2006 stood at 24,662. The district is centered in Macon, Georgia and covers some 28 elementary schools, 6 middle schools, and six high schools.

From the Paper
"The school district is in Bibb County, Georgia, under Superintendent Sharon Patterson. Overall, this is a poor district, with 70 percent deemed economically disadvantaged. This is not a district with a high rate of immigration among the poor, and indeed only one percent are categorized as English language learners. The number of studnts ikn th district in 2006 stood at 24,662. The district is centered in Macon, Georgia and covers some 28 elementary schools, 6 middle schools, and six high schools (Georgia Department of Education, 2007, Tables). The city of Macon in Bibb County is the rtail, medical, financial, educational, and cultural center of what remains a largely rural sector."

Tags:poverty, education, profile, South

Abstract
Modern classrooms must implement several programs to offer an effective educational curriculum to special needs students such as English Language Learners (ELL). Programs will differ from school to school or district to district depending upon demographics and resources available. This paper shows that the several programs offered in the Redlands Unified School District take such considerations into account. The district offers a comprehensive program to start ELL students on their transition to the general education mainstream classroom starting in kindergarten. The paper shows that the students and their parents are offered techniques to obtain the proper education while they learn English. The programs used there, plus several others, are making the California classroom a less stressful and more productive place for ELL students to learn.

From the Paper
"Orando and Rothstein (as cited in Slavin, 2003) state that the educational system is presented with a dilemma when it comes to limited English proficient students. The dilemma is this: The students need to learn English in order to function in society, but how much instruction should they get in their first language? English language learners (ELL) need more aid in learning all subjects because they are also trying to learn English at the same time (Johnson, Musial, Hall, Gollnick & Dupuis, 2005). Those that do speak some English may speak it with an accent or in a dialect and thus feel more comfortable using their primary language during some lessons (Lewis & Doorlag, 2003)."

Tags:diversity, multiculturism, ESL, proficiency, curriculum

Abstract
The paper relates that the role of a school district personnel director (SDPD) expands beyond business management and strategic planning. This paper examines how the major duties of the SDPD affect a major facet of a school district, and or the educational institution organizational structure. The examination is somewhat exploratory so as to highlight the strategic elements of the position. The paper also explores other duties and functions and their relationship with school districts that can have a drastic impact on educational strategic goals, or human resources, and financial objectives for school districts.

From the Paper
"The role of a school district personnel director (SDPD) expands beyond business management and strategic planning. This paper will examine how the major duties of the SDPD affect a major facet of a school district, and or the educational institution organizational structure. The examination will be somewhat exploratory so as to highlight the strategic elements of the position. However, there are many more duties and functions and its relationship with school districts that can have a drastic impact on educational strategic goals, or human resources, and financial objectives for school districts, these are also examined and..."

Tags:education, assignments, questions