Abstract
This paper explains the history of NASA, starting with the Kennedy administration. It briefly explains the 'firsts' of space exploration: Apollo and Skylab. The writer then discusses the disasters of NASA: Challenger, Columbia, and some Mars missions. It looks at the accomplishments of NASA with technology and at home and ends with the future of NASA with George Bush's Space Boost plan and a conclusion.

From the Paper
"Human curiosity about space has been with man as far back as we can go. Native Americans made names for the constellations. Greece created Gods from them. The technology to get to space was just created in the past fifty years. Some consider Americans lucky to live in a nation, where man can touch the surface of the moon. This feat is mostly thanks to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and their advancements. However, recent polls have shown that interest for NASA is down the list of people's concerns, below crime, energy, and the environment for example. Interest has changed since the Kennedy administration, where shortly after, twelve men walked on the moon in a three and a half year period. NASA is still making advancements, however, in the areas of science, math, astrology, and it's new findings in space. Nevertheless, the public remembers Columbia and Challenger. They also know about the millions of tax dollars being spent each year. Because of this, does NASA have a future? Will it still be around in twenty years? Will our children and their children, still dream of becoming astronauts?"

Tags:future, program, space, states, united

Abstract
This paper examines the time history of events and macroscale interactions during substorms as observed by the THEMIS mission, designed and launched by NASA in 2008, staffed by researchers from the United States, Canada and many European countries. In particular, the paper investigates how this mission and the Cassini mission determined that the color of the auroras depends on the type of gasses involved in the collision of particles during these substorms. The paper concludes that, by studying the earth's auroras and the auroras of other nearby planets, scientist can develop new insight into what other stars and the objects around them may be like. Color photographs are included in the paper.

From the Paper
"The auroras have been admired since earth began (or at least since there have been communities far enough north or south to view them!). These people developed many myths that attempted to explain the northern and southern lights. Some cultures believed that the lights were gods dancing. Others thought of them as the spirits of the dead. Some viewed them as good omens and went to war based on the appearance of the auroras. Others felt that they were symbols of divine anger and avoided all types of activity during times of intense colors in the auroras."

Tags:substroms, electrons, magnetosphere, satellites, saturn

Abstract
This paper discusses the Apollo 7 and Apollo 8 space missions and their overall effect on the United States' space race. It looks at the history behind the space race and climate in the United States at the time that the National Aeronautic and Space Administration (NASA) was first developing these missions. The paper concludes that these missions helped to revive American interest and motivate the public's support for NASA, as well as helped America to take a definite lead in the space race against the Soviets.

From the Paper
"Remembering the Apollo 8 mission, William Anders stated, "The biggest surprise of the mission was to see the first Earthrise over the moon and to realize that the Earth was even more interesting than the moon. I consider the moon voyages a technical feat, a political feat." Apollo 8 was indeed both of these. The Apollo 7 and 8 missions were vital ingredients in the overall victory for America in the space race. They helped to revive American interest and motivate the public's support for NASA. They also helped America to take a definite lead in the space race against the Soviets and use this momentum to continue to the moon. Lastly, they helped to prove that the moon was a feasible goal, and that Kennedy's idea of putting a man on the moon before the decade was out was more than possible."

Tags:NASA, moon, voyage, astronaut, lunar, landing

Abstract
This paper examines how, in "Understanding Administrative Evil", authors Guy B. Adams and Danny L. Balfour explore the idea and evolution of the concept of evil. It looks at how, over time, historical evil has evolved into administrative evil, a form of evil that is unique to modernity, and how the main differences between historical and administrative evil lie in the perpetrator's motivation. It analyzes how, to illustrate their arguments, Adams and Balfour cite numerous and varied cases of administrative evil, including the Jewish Holocaust, welfare reform, immigration, and the destructive organizational culture at NASA that spawned the Challenger tragedy.

From the Paper
"To support their argument, Adams and Balfour apply their theory to a number of modern historical events. In their first study, the authors analyze the Holocaust, first by summarizing the debate between intentionalist and functionalist scholars. However, to fully understand the German society's complicity in the Holocaust, Adams and Balfour argue for a synthesis that the Holocaust grew out of a "confluence of historical and political forces, racist ideology and anti-Semitism, organizational competition and the bureaucratic processes of a highly developed modern society" (59)."

Tags:nasa, nazis, holocaust, immigration, welfare, reform

Abstract
This paper explains that the Department of Defense (DoD), with more than $1 trillion in assets and a budget that accounts for about half of the federal government's discretionary funding, has a need for accurate accounting processes. The author points out that ABC captures quantified cost and time data and translates it into information for making decisions by measuring process and activity performance, by determining the cost of business process outputs, and by identifying opportunities to improve process efficiency and effectiveness. The paper concludes that the ultimate decision will be based on a blended action that minimizes cost and time, while creating a better outcome.

Table of Contents
Big Need for Accurate Accounting
ABC in the Military
Process Decision Example
Success Stories
NASA
Fleet and Industrial Supply Center (FISC)
Military Resistance to ABC?
Who Might Benefit in the DoD?

From the Paper
"In the 1990s, the RAND Corporation, including its defense-oriented federally funded research and development organizations, offered a better way for the DoD to pay for its purchases, one it thought would improve the interactions; after all, if a unit overspent in one year, then the next year it would be looking for lower prices. That meant that the organization it purchased from would experience a loss, or potentially could, which in turn could affect the service or product quality or delivery. However, the WCF arrangement bore the stamp of approval of the DoD Comptroller's office, which suggested that the WCF approach has saved "billions of dollars by providing managers with greater visibility into the costs of DoD support operations.""

Tags:rand, budget, time, cost, website, purchases

Abstract
The paper presents the thesis that there is nothing man is incapable of doing, not even exploring far beyond the Earth's boundaries, as long as he puts his mind, heart and body into it. The paper overviews the period of time in American history preceding the launch of Apollo 11, describes the design of the Apollo 11 lunar module and the Apollo mission itself and discusses the discoveries made. The paper concludes with the firm belief that this mission proved that humanity is destined for things far beyond their realms.

Outline:
Humanity and the Moon
The Era of Turmoil
The Apollo 11 Space Mission
The Discoveries from the Apollo 11 Space Mission
The Contribution of the Apollo 11 Space Mission to Mankind

From the Paper
"It has been nearly 40 years since man placed his footprints on the Moon. For millions of years, people had looked up into the vastness of space, wondering what lay beyond the earth's atmosphere. Space exploration was simply a fragment of one's imagination - a creation of science fiction. On Earth grounds, many a human being had looked up at the Moon, observing its detail and absorbing its essence: how the light played on its surface, its craters, and shadows. How man imagined being on it, exploring if there were signs of life, and sought to discover if the Moon was a picture of the earth's future. Man had wondered: is it ever possible to uncover the vastness of the universe by first visiting the closest neighbour Earth has?"

Tags:Armstrong, astronauts, NASA, lunar, module, launch

Abstract
This research paper investigates the science of rocketry starting with the original concept, up to the present day space program. Developments in Germany, Russia, and the U.S. are detailed, along with the ways in which rockets have been used both on earth and in space. Most of the paper will deal with the development of the rocket engine up to its present day standards and its history in space flight.

From the paper:

"The notion of flying has fascinated people since the beginning of history, and most likely since the beginning of time. With the development of astronomy, man shifted that dream to another realm: outer space. Robert H. Goddard, a physicist of the early 1900?s, once told a story in his autobiography of how he was inspired to follow the dream of space flight. He recalls once when he was 17 years old; he was trimming branches in a cherry tree, and looked out at the sprawling country landscape. He imagined how fabulous it would be to soar upward into space, watching the earth receding below him. ?I was a different boy when I descended the ladder,? Goddard states, ?Life had now a purpose for me.?

Tags:apollo, astronaut, atmosphere, blast, booster, cosmonaut, earth, flight, gemini, german, government, launch, liquid, mercury, nasa, orbit, russian, satellite, shuttle, soviet, sputnik, station, travel, verne

Abstract
On the morning of December 7, 1941, the United States suffered the worst surprise attack it had ever encountered in its prestigious military history. Now, over 60 years later, many experts believe that America is once again in danger of a crippling ambush, this time on the digital front instead of the military. The paper argues that in an age of networking and connectivity, the United States has yet to put up a unified cyber-defense, to protect against the many hacking threats from terrorists and others seeking to harm the nation. The paper shows that in order to ensure its security, America needs to tighten its digital defenses and present a strong deterrent to potential attackers, just as it has done in its military engagements.

From the Paper
"Many cyberterrorism scenarios seem unrealistic and impractical, such as a group of hackers seizing control of power grids and shutting them down for extended periods of time. While this has proved to be difficult, exercise "Zenith Star" was very successful at disrupting local communications and jamming up emergency networks such as 911 (Adams). This could open the door for physical terrorism within a city that is also under a digital attack, rendering it unable to respond to whatever damages the terrorists may have planned."

Tags:Moonlight, Maze, NASA, FBI, Homeland, Security

Abstract
This paper begins with a discussion about the astronomer who first identified Halley's comet, Edmond Halley, and how he was able to make his observations and identification of the comet. The paper then continues with a look at when Haley's comet was first observed and photographed, a look at how long the comet has been in existence, and a brief discussion of NASA's involvement in studying the comet. The paper concludes with a description of the comet's appearance, composition, density, and orbit.

From the Paper
"A comet is " a small celestial body consisting mostly of dust and gases that moves in an elongated elliptical or nearly parabolic orbit around the sun" (Encyclopedia.com). Comets are rarely visible from the earth, but when they can be seen, their visibility can last anywhere from a few days to a few months (Columbia Encyclopedia). Most comets are invisible to us on earth except when they are near the sun and comets are usually only visible at sunrise or sunset. There have been many comets discovered by astronomers throughout time, but the most well known is "Halley's Comet", also known as Comet Halley."

Tags:periodic, laws, of, motion, gravity, solar, system, calculate, reappear, return, time, period, discovery

Abstract
While it is certain that the practices of mankind are partly to blame, this paper seeks to discover if there might be other, more natural and timeless causes of the global warming that the earth is experiencing at this moment in time. This paper researches and examines scientific findings on global warming and takes a historical look at the earth's transitions in climate and the changes that have occurred historically to the earth, its' climate and the shifting continents upon the face of the earth.

Outline:
Introduction
The 1988 Report of James Hansen - Dir. NASA Goddard Institute
Hansen's Reply (2000)
The Ocean Conveyor and the Gulf Stream
General Consensus of the U.S. Public
-Findings of a Public Opinion Poll - February 2006-
Consensus of the World's Scientists and Government Officials
Regulation of Emissions of Greenhouse Gases- The Kyoto Protocol
Alternative Energy Resources
Summary and Conclusion
Bibliography

From the Paper
"Hydrogen is stated to constitute the "ultimate energy system" of the future according to the scientists in attendance at the Hyforum Meeting in Munich, Germany. Under this stance electricity would be generated through use of solar power or other carbon free energy sources that are renewable and this energy would be used for generation of hydrogen from water to power cars. Stated as the greatest advantage is that there would be no exhaust fumes and no greenhouse gases generated. BMW has plans for production of the first hydrogen powered cars for sale on the market. The problem with this is that the alternative fuel source can only be successful if it is made affordable for the ordinary consumer."

Tags:temperature, earth, environment, warming