Abstract
This paper presents a review of a journal article that modeled the theory of planned behavior and used an experiment-related exercise to show the facets of the theory. Also, the paper uses a very public example that was presented in the media to show the applicability of the theory of planned behavior to explain human behavior. The example chosen was the activities of American soldiers at the Abu Gharib prison in Iraq. The paper concludes with an interpersonal example that is linked to the major hypothesis of the theory of planned behavior.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Journal Article Analyzed: Modeling the Theory of Planned Behavior and Past Behavior
Mass Media Example of the Theory of Planned Behavior: Abu Ghraib Prison Behavior
Personal Interpersonal Example of the Theory of Planned Behavior

From the Paper
"According to Stannard, Zimbardo's study showed that prisons are an institution that are designed to change the psychological make-up of the occupants; what is not clear, is how it affects other occupants, that are their by choice, most notably the guards. Stannard uses Zimbardo's study to state that prisons present an environment where the power differential is so uneven that it presents an environment for abuse, which is prisoners are powerless, while, guards have complete control and complete power."

Tags:ethical, leadership, exercise, re-socialization, pressures

Abstract
This paper presents a review of the article "Does the theory of planned behavior elements mediate the relationship between perceived constraints and intention to participate in physical activities? A study among older individuals" by A. Konstantinos, B. Vasilis, and T. Charalampos. The paper focuses on how the article effectively uses qualitative research to understand a particular aspect of human development within an empirical human development study. The paper also attempts to determine whether the article was conducted within the necessary specific criteria for qualitative research. The paper concludes that the article seems to have followed the necessary specific requirements, although certain elements remain somewhat questionable.

From the Paper
"The results of the model showed that given the facets of the TPB, participants' behavior and attitude towards exercise was significantly correlated with the actual amount of exercise undertaken. The predictive aspect of the TPB was also validated by the participants who were contacted after the initial study. Overall, this conclusion was validated by triangulating the data, since the human development experiment was to test a very well known theory - theory of planned behavior, and the authors validated this result with other known experiments and the original empirical construct. The literature review conducted was comprehensive and gave a clear picture of what this particular article was adding to the literature, however, the necessary use of different sources, methods, and investigations was rather comprehensive."

Tags:aged, exercise, behavior, psychology

Abstract
This paper explains the basic assumptions underlying Ajzen's theory of planned behavior and its objectives. The paper asserts that, while the theory is a well-constructed explanation of human behavior with significant strengths, it also has weaknesses, beginning with the premise upon which it is based. Finally, the paper looks at how the theory of planned behavior can be used successfully in the nursing profession.

From the Paper
"The theory of planned behavior (TPB) rests on two assumptions: that humans are rational beings and as such make use of information to guide their actions and; that individuals determine the implications of future actions before engaging in them. The objectives of TPB are not only to explain behavior but also to predict and modify it. It states that intent is the most important determinant of one's actions. Intention is comprised of an individual's attitude toward a particular situation and its corresponding environmental pressures, called subjective norms. A third antecedent to action, labeled perceived behavioral control, is one's estimation of the ease or difficulty involved in carrying out a particular task. TPB claims that positive attitudes and subjective norms along with greater perceived control increase the likelihood of one's intention to act."

Tags:psychologists, components, precursors, conduct, predictions, behavioral, normative

Abstract
This paper focuses on the theory of planned behavior, explaining that this is a rather profound theory within psychology that can be used to explain an array of actions and behavior patterns. The analysis below presents a review of a journal article that modeled the theory of planned behavior and used an experiment related exercise to show the facets of the theory. Also, to help show the link between formal psychological theories and aspects of behavior in society, a very public example that was presented in the media, was used to show the applicability of the theory of planned behavior to explain human behavior.

From the Paper
"The theory of planned behavior is a rather profound theory within psychology that can be used to explain an array of actions and behavior patterns. The analysis below presents a review of a journal article that modeled the theory of planned behavior and used an experiment related exercise to show the facets of the theory. Also, to help show the link between formal psychological theories and aspects of behavior in society, a very public example that was presented in the media, was used to show the applicability of the theory of planned behavior to explain human behavior. The example chosen was the activities of American soldiers at ..."

Tags:psychology, intent, society, consciousness, human

Abstract
This paper presents a research study that measures the intention to purchase of sponsored product after watching a television program sponsored by MasterCard in Singapore. It ascertains the effectiveness of television sponsorship in Singapore, by predicting the intentions to purchase of sponsor's product or utilize sponsor's services using a modified version of the theory of planned behavior (TPB). Overall, the purpose of the study is to uncover the major influences on the decision to purchase a sponsor's product. Effectiveness of sponsorship has been measured in this thesis using the theory of planned behavior Both, theory of planned behavior and social identity are used to determine whether social identity adds explanatory value to the theory of planned behavior for sponsors.

Outline:
Introduction
Literature Review
methodology
Results and Discussion
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The seventh question explored the relationship between intention to purchase and social identity (family). Question eight explores the relationship between social identity (friends) and intention to purchase. The answers of the respondents have been summarized in Table 8.1. Eighty Five (85) respondents asserted that it is "extremely likely" that for them to purchase a Master Card after watching the National Kidney Foundation (NKF) show sponsored by them is extremely important because of the support they have got from their friends. "

Tags:branding, company profile influenced to purchase consumer attitudes

Abstract
This essay is a basic introduction to the fundamental components of a sociological theory. Included is a comprehensive analysis of both conflict theory and symbolic interactionism. Gang behavior is used to illustrate key terms and concepts from each theory, as well as their strengths and weaknesses.

From the Paper
"Theories serve several functions in the development and evaluation of scientific knowledge. Theories provide us with systematic procedures to evaluate social phenomenon. These procedures are well organized and comprehensive. Theories are not just knowledge structures; they are sets of interrelated statements that apply to a wide range of phenomenon. Chafetz said, "in theory construction, the exercise is only more systematic, comprehensive, more guided and constrained by rules, and finally is more self-conscience" (Chafetz, p. 2). "

Tags:conflict, interactionism, micro, microsociology, power, properties, symbolic, theory, values

Abstract
This paper explores the classical theory of crime causation, one of the major theoretical perspectives in the field. The paper begins by describing Cesare Beccaria who is generally seen as the founder of this theory. Several of his influences are evaluated, including ideas regarding the nature of punishment which are central to his theory. The paper evaluates the classical theory in light of modern criminology. A chart entitled 'Comparison of Classical and Positivist Schools' is included.

Outline:
Introduction
Man Pleads Guilty
Classical Causes
Vital Components
Foundation and Focus
Causes Contributing to Frank's Crimes?
Conclusion
Bibliography

From the Paper
"The Classical Theory, one of the major theoretical perspectives of crime causation, will not fully explain Frank's criminal behavior. This theory may, however, shed a bit of light on the underlying factors contributing to his dark deeds. "Cesare Beccaria - 'the Rousseau of the Italians' (Beirne, 1993:14) - is generally seen, at least symbolically, as the founder of this movement." (Carrabine, Iganski, Lee, Plummer & South, 2004, p. 32 - 33) Beccaria, a humanist born in Milan, Italy in 1738, feverishly worked for the eradication of injustice and illogicality of the judicial system prior to and continuing into his day."

Tags:criminal, behavior, criminal, justice, Cesare, Beccaria, classical, theory, of, crime, causation, positivist

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that B.F. Skinner became known for his theory of operant conditioning in relation to behavior. The writer notes that through experiments in his laboratory Skinner determined that the human was similar to the rat because rats could be taught to behave in any manner if they knew that a reward would follow the behavior.

From the Paper
"For example, rats that were fed every day at the same time after a bell was sounded, would learn that once they heard the bell they could run to the feeding dish and their food would be waiting. The timing of the exercise was referred to by Skinner s "scheduled reinforcement" (Boeree, n.d., sec. 2). Skinner's theory extended beyond this however. Skinner found that if he set the time and rang the bell, but did not deliver food, over time the rats would learn that food would not be available and they would cease their operant behavior. This process Skinner referred to as "extinction" (Boeree, n.d., sec. 2). Extinction is the "unlearning" of behaviors once the reward for those behaviors is taken away."

Tags:skinner, psychology, behavior

Abstract
Learning theory principles can be utilized in deliberate and structured approaches to changing people's behaviour. These approaches are referred to as behaviour modification techniques. This paper discusses behaviour modification and its application to a variety of behaviours within a correctional or special education setting.

From the Paper
"When an individual demonstrates a lasting change in behaviour, as a result of experience, it is called learning (Laird, 1992; Myers, 2004). Different theories have been proposed in the attempt to explain how learning occurs. The behaviourist school of psychologists insist on a scientific, controlled approach, where each behaviour is seen as a response to a stimulus. According to these theories, we may increase the frequency of a particular behaviour either because it is being triggered by a stimulus that frequently had been associated in time with another stimulus that would more normally have elicited the behaviour (classical conditioning); or because it had been followed by favourable consequences when we did it previously (operant conditioning); or because we had observed favourable consequences occur to someone else after they behaved that way (observational learning). A decrease in the behaviour would be expected to have occurred if the consequences had been adverse. Behavioural therapies assume that psychological disorders are a special form of learned behaviour, feeling or thought. The goal of behaviour modification is to use the principles of learning to replace unwanted behaviours or feelings or thoughts with preferred ones, by a new learning process (Laird, 1992). This essay will examine behaviour modification techniques and their application in the special-education setting."

Tags:behavior, modification

Abstract
This paper explains the failures of the theory of behaviorism and cites relevant examples to support the failure.

Tags:failure, theory, behaviorism