Abstract
The paper looks at the article "Linguistics in Action" where Susan Ehrlich offers insight into the interrelationships between culture and language. The paper then reviews Roger Farr's article "Protest Genres and Pragmatics of Dissent" where he looks at dissent strategies, Marie Annharte Baker's article "Borrowing Enemy Language: A First Nation Woman Use of English" where she discusses language as a tool of oppression and colonialisation and Janet Giltrow's article "Academic Reading" which focuses on the first person narrative.

From the Paper
"One of the things that differentiate humans from other animals is our ability to communicate with each in a variety of very effective ways. Of these communication methods, speech is the method that most effectively distinguishes us from other animals, and which, arguably, has been most important in our progress to our dominance of all other species. However, speech is so ubiquitous that we seldom pause to think about how it works. However, some linguists and other theorists have paused to think about it, and have come up with interesting theories about how language works."

Tags:linguistics, feminism, dissent, strategies, oppression, colonialisation

Abstract
This paper first explains that there are two main stage in the development of language: the perceptual-motor stage and the phonological stage. Next, the author explains that this development of speech production relies heavily on perception so that if this perception is disrupted, then specific language impairment (SLI) results. The paper relates that a child with SLI can have problems with childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) and with categorical perception that can lead to difficulties with developmental dyslexia, cluster reduction and numerous lexical processes.

From the Paper
"When looking for a cause, we must look at language acquisition, because the way a child perceives language may have a significant effect on how the child will interpret information and subsequently produce it. When a child is learning to read, some of the first words they see are in their environment. One such word is "stop." Using stop as an example goes along with the testing of /b/ and/p/ in the categorical discrimination task. If a child is not hearing the ending sound correctly, then when they are seeing the letter "p" they can interpret it to sound differently than it really is, such as /b/."

Tags:babbling stimuli, phonological deficit, theory, speech-language pathologist

Abstract
This paper responds to a hypothetical case of Canada banning speech on topics of a failing economy. The paper refers to the ideas of Bickel, Bork, and Ely, and explores those constitutional experts with different views of what a Supreme court is supposed to achieve, its ethical and legal process, and role among other democratic institutions.

From the Paper
"Amidst a financial crisis, the Government of Canada introduces legislation to prevent a financial panic that renders it illegal to comment negatively on the economy, unless an officially sanctioned government employee. The penalty for violation can be 5 years imprisonment and a $50,000 fine, the penalty increased should damage to a sector of the economy be provable. The law is backed by the Bank of Canada, major financial and real estate..."

Tags:judicial rev, constitution, us theory

From the Paper
"How does a child begin to speak? Why? These are questions that many linguists set out to answer as they explore the world of language acquisition. Three credible linguists, Ann M. Peters, Noam Chomsky, and Roger Brown, all have different opinions and theories of language acquisition. All of them address influences, grammar, and patterns of speech in their theories, but in different contexts. Chomsky believes it is genetic, Peters believes it is totally up to the environment, and Brown believes it is due to positive reinforcement and trial and error. All three theories are credible and have provided great insight into the ways children do acquire language. Language acquisition is a widely researched topic, and will continue to have new theories evolve as long as children keep talking. This paper assesses and describes different aspects of each linguists' theory in detail and offers the author's opinion on which theory proves to be the most successful and credible based on research."

Tags:grammar, patterns, speech, utterances

Abstract
The paper shows how, in conversation, people cooperate in making utterances, thereby creating social communication in an effort to express meaning. The paper discusses what constitutes a request and reveals that much of the time, a speaker will make an indirect appeal for action, slightly obscuring the request within an indirect sentence. The paper then investigates and compares how indirect directives are expressed in the English and the Mandarin Chinese languages. The paper appends a pronunciation guide for Chinese tones, vowels and consonants.

Outline:
Introduction
Speech Act Theory
Speech Act Categories
Speech Act Categories in Chinese
Direct and Indirect Speech Acts
Grice's Cooperative Principle
Politeness Theory 'Face' and Its Effect in Indirect Directives
Examples of Co-Maintaining Face in Chinese Conversation
Levels of Politeness in Conversation
Conclusion

From the Paper
"In speaking people do more with words than share information, and when they do share information, an implicit meaning in an utterance is often expressed along with what the words in the utterance explicitly express. In an utterance, there can be three diverse levels of action that may be associated with the utterance. According to Austin, these levels include "the act of saying something, what one does in saying it, and what one does by saying it..." (Bach, K: internet) and are called locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary acts. Take, for example, the utterance, "There is a car coming." The locutionary act in that utterance is the act of informing a hearer that there is a car approaching. There is a lack of literal information regarding where exactly the vehicle is and exactly at what time it is due, but the sharing of the information occurs. The illocutionary act is what the utterance does, which in this case involves informing the hearer of a moving vehicle and advises him to look for the car. The perlocutionary act is the effect that the utterance has on the hearer, which in this utterance is that the hearer becomes vigilant and looks for the car. In the utterance itself, there isn't any explicit warning spoken to the hearer, but the implicit warning can be understood."

Tags:information, utterance, statement, request, command, sentences, meaning

Abstract
The paper examines two major theories regarding evolution and subsequent areas of research regarding human speech acquisition.

From the Paper
" Throughout the history of mankind there have been questions as to the causes and the events that led to the evolution of speech in humans. Unfortunately, researchers have not been able to pinpoint a specific time frame or place where speech first occurred. This is because sound is not a resource that leaves physical record or evidence of existence. The earliest evidence of written language provides an indication that some form of spoken communication was in use. However, early written records cannot be cited as proof that speech existed. And these documents cannot indicate how long speech may have existed prior to the written language itself. The purpose of this paper is to examine some of the predominate theories regarding speech evolution in humans and new physiological findings that point to when humans would have first attained the ability for speech."

Tags:evolution, hominids, language, linguistic, primates, speech

Abstract
This paper discusses the geological evidence supporting the theory that the Cherokee Indians originally immigrated to North America via the Bering Strait, the body of water that separates Siberia from Alaska. The paper also looks at the scientific and anthropological theories of Indian immigration but concludes that the geological theory is not at all implausible.

From the Paper
"The Cherokee Indians were heirchial with each man's place being determined by his persoanl achievements in war and in hunting. The Cherokee knew that the resources of the earth were finite and wisely used the gifts of the earth. In the 1978 book entitiled "Americas' Facinating Indian Heritage" stated is that, "The American Indians still live today in "substandard, overcrowded dwellings with minimal sanitation, tuberculosis, influenza and penmonia....the suicide rate among Indian adolescents is 100 times that of whites....alcoholism is common place. " While some of the tribes did receive government settlements eventually many of these did not. (America's Facinating Indian Heritage, 1978 p.396-398) The Cherokee people lived a balanced life that did not take from the earth and environment but left it as they found it in the Cherokee tradition."

Tags:people, different, speech, keetoowah, anikituaghi, anikutahwagi, lower, middle, over-the-hill

Abstract
This paper presents an in-depth essay on the representation of Love in Plato's "Symposium" and Ovid's story of Orpheus and Eurydice in his "Metamorphosis." The paper argues that Ovid was greatly influenced by Plato's theories of Love as expressed in the "Symposium" and that Ovid's character of Orpheus comes to represent many of the traits attributed to Love in Plato's text.

From the Paper
"Ovid's Metamorphosis (c. 8 AD), written approximately four hundred years after Plato's Symposium (c. 365 BC), consists of many short tales that describe some of the major Ancient Greek and Roman mythological legends. Included among these tales is the story of "Orpheus," which traces the quest Orpheus makes to find his dead wife, Eurydice, in the underworld in order to bring her back to the world of the living. As noted in Plato's "The Speech of Diotima," from the Symposium, Love can be both spiritual and physical. Orpheus demonstrates both kinds of Love, but it is..."

Tags:plato, ovid, love

Abstract
This paper explains that the ecological systems theory is a psychological framework that attempts to explain the forces that impact child development. The paper further explains how this theory is particularly relevant to the communication, speech and language acquisition process in children.

From the Paper
"Developmental psychology studies the change and growth of humans over the lifespan. One particular philosophy, called ecological systems theory, is especially influential in this field. It holds that a combination of biological, social, and personal characteristics control human development. This theory can be applied to numerous phenomena although early communication, speech, and language development affords a notably informative illustration."

Tags:urie, bronfenbrenner, developmental, psychologist, bioecological, model, environmental

Abstract
This paper examines the theories of Anna Wierzbicka and her use of a "metalanguage" in order to solve the ambiguities and culture-contextual problems inherent in language. The paper argues the absurdity of Wierzbicka's theory.

From the Paper
"In her piece, Speech Acts and Speech Genres Across Languages and Cultures , Anna Wierzbicka attempts to construct a metalanguage for linguists to define foreign terms and concepts. (1992) This metalanguage, as it was proposed, would eliminate the ambiguity of using culturally loaded words when attempting to define speech acts, genres, and events in other languages. While her initial premise concerning culturally loaded text was intriguing; the attempted creation of a pseudo-scientific metalanguage was not only absurd, but also defied her own initial discussion on the specific cultural context of speech acts."

Tags:language, linguistics, proto, speech, wierzbicka, anna, matalanguage, culture