Abstract
The paper reviews the development of architecture and modern day architecture's relationship with textiles. The paper examines the predicted future of textiles and maintains that due to the ever-changing ecological factors in the world's erratic environment, the use of textiles will only grow due to their practicality and serviceability in architectural design and construction. The paper stresses that today's modern tensile architectural designs hold great promise in the provision of affordable and attainable shelter for housing and community construction.

Outline:
Objective
Statement of Thesis
Introduction
History of Textiles and Architectural Design and Construction
Review of the Development of Architecture
Modern Day Architecture and Textiles
Review of the Predicted Future of Textiles
Summary and Conclusion

From the Paper
"The word textile is derived from a Latin word 'texere' which means simply "to weave". (Meyers, 2001) Spinning and weaving have been done since prehistoric times, the earliest known evidence being from the Bronze Age in about 4500 BC in Egypt." (Meyers, 2001) The spinning wheel was introduced in the fourteenth century in Europe. (Meyers, 2001; paraphrased) The Saxony wheel, is said to be "an improved version" and to have "sped up the production of yarn considerably." (Meyers, 2001) It was the Saxony wheel that brought about the ability for a large enough production of thread to "reliably supply a growing body of weavers" which made the provisions necessary for the conditions required for manufacturing of textile and the textile trade to begin."

Tags:materials, weave, fiber, construction, shelter, wallpaper

Abstract
The paper reviews the work of Gottfried Semper and explains his theory known as "The Four Elements of Architecture". The paper discusses the use of textiles in architecture and labels it as a fairly new, but growing, industry in the world market. The paper also examines new textile designs available. The paper relates that today, woven fabrics are being used to construct buildings and highway overpasses since these materials are resilient and resistant to environmental factors.

Outline:
Objective
Introduction
Textiles in Architecture
Semper's Theories
New Textile Designs
The Future of Textiles in Architecture
Summary and Conclusion

From the Paper
"Gottfried Semper was among the most outstanding architects during his day. The work of Egenter (nd) states that Semper "...globally documented one basic paradigm: the fact that fibrous and perishable materials are widely found in art and architecture related to durable materials, mostly as texture ('incrustation' principle) or structurally. When one investigates the similarities that exist between the art of weaving and the pursuit of architecture, one is able to see the concepts as they overlap."

Tags:Semper, material, fabric, weaving, wickerwork, building

Abstract
In this paper the author examines the different types of architecture that are becoming more popular today. He looks at a number of articles and books that have been written about differing architectural styles. The author specifically looks at Indonesian architecture as having been influenced by Islam, India and the Middle East. The paper continues with a look at the number of art museums that have been built in the United States in the past three decades that have prompted critics and historians to devote increasing attention to the museum as a major architectural genre and not just a place to exhibit artifacts. The paper concludes with a story about the new type of architecture where homes are built inside gravel pits. These pits are a result of overgrazed land that was later mined and abandoned. So what would have been wasted land is becoming a new architectural phenomenon in response to the new social ideals in American culture.

From the Paper
"These museums altered the civic environment. While their stylistic origins were for the most part French, they grew out of the great international fairs of the period, which were often conspicuously embellished with buildings designed for the display of art. Much of Steffensen-Bruce's discussion is directed toward the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago, "arguably the single most influential event in the history of American fin-de-siecle culture." Not only was its Fine Arts Palace the sole building of the Fair constructed in semi-permanent form (the walls were brick, the exterior covering made of reinforced plaster), the layout of the fairgrounds themselves constituted a major innovation in urban planning that in turn affected the City Beautiful movement--a dual accomplishment instrumental in the development of the American art museum during the last years of the century."

Tags:textiles, culture, monuments, building, art, style, interior, geometry

Abstract
This paper finds that while the Swedish had only a brief and limited political presence, they did have an influence through the building of their churches, eight of which survive. The paper then discusses how the Dutch had a considerable influence on architecture, although the gambrell roof that is commonly associated with Dutch Colonial style is actually French rather than Dutch. The paper also finds that the French had a profound influence, both through the architecture of Huguenots and through Americans studying in Europe.

From the Paper
"The settlements of France, Holland, and Sweden on the North American continent were comparatively modest, and their control in the hands of those nations ended quite early as compared with the lasting influence of the English colonists. Notwithstanding this, Dutch, French, and even Sweden elements had a significant influence on the architecture that developed in America, long after the political states of New France, New Netherlands, and New Sweden had ceased to exist. New Sweden had a brief and limited existence in North America. The Swedish colonies were settled beginning in 1638 along the shores of the Delaware..."

Tags:barns, churches, mansard

Abstract
The architecture of North America spans many centuries and many distinct periods. This paper examines North American architecture from the pre-Aztec period up until the independence of the United States. The paper begins with an examination of Teotihuacan, in the Valley of Mexico and its influence the architecture of the Aztecs and other peoples in the pre European age. The paper then discusses native American architecture such as the pueblos of the American Southwest. Finally, the paper discusses architectural design and trends following the colonization of North America by European settlers and up until the Declaration of Independence.

From the Paper
"As the King's representative, the Governor of the Virginia Colony was an individual positioned somewhere between the sacred and the profane. Later American architecture - particularly as one approached the Federalist Period - further extended this separation between the different spheres of existence. In the nation's new capital, even the government was broken down into distinct branches. The vast neoclassical bulk of the Capitol and the White House, located as they were at opposite ends of the monumental Mall, emphasized the distance between these two functions. The whiteness of the structures underscores the purity and virtue of the new system as did the restrained lines and severe order of the columns and other classical elements. The Federalist style proper continued the trend toward simplicity and the overt representation of the ideals of the New Republic. Designed by architect Samuel McIntire, the John Gardner House in Salem, Massachusetts, perfectly captures the new American emphasis. Its severe cubic plan and intensely regular facade suggest that it is the domestic sphere that advertises the rue values of the American people. The focus is on the centrally-placed entrance, and thin white Corinthian columns stand out against the structure's brick walls with their regular lines of windows and straight stringcourses. In this paean to Federalist architecture and socio-cultural vales, the theme of North American architecture has come full circle. Cosmic symbolism has been transferred from the meeting place of the overall community to the dwelling place of the individual - a fitting monument to America's embrace of the individual."

Tags:mexico, indian, pueblo, aztec, colonial, european, style, classical, religious, monumental, structures, masonry, communities, ceremonial, cities, villages, pyramid, mounds, soul

Abstract
This paper examines the links between architecture and technology. It examines the period from the eighteenth to the twentieth century. It focuses on iron, cast iron, and concrete and their impact on construction and design.

Abstract
"This paper discusses an article from the Economist Intelligence Unit, a publication of The Economist, entitled "China's Economy: U.S. and E.U. Get Tough on Textiles" as it relates to the price pressures on apparels in the U.S. market. These issues are examined from a macroeconomic perspective with an emphasis on Keynesian and neo-classical macroeconomic theory.

From the Paper
"Following the end of quotas on textile imports from China as of 1 January 2005, both the United States (US) and the European Union (EU) have witnessed a massive influx of textile imports from China: "U.S. imports of Chinese clothing swelled in January, a rush of new products following the end of international quotas that for decades had limited global apparel trade" (Chinese, 2005, para.1). While increases have been across the board, three categories in particular have seen huge increases: cotton knit shirts, blouses and cotton trousers, and these have been targeted for renewed protectionist quotas by both the US and the EU (China, 2005, para.2). "

Tags:keynesian, macroeconomic, textiles

Abstract
The paper discusses the importance of Roman baths to the people of that ancient empire and how the architectural design (chiefly as it pertains to central heating) left a lasting legacy that is omnipresent in the public facilities that serve us today. The paper relates that the ancient baths undeniably brought together people who would otherwise be unlikely to mingle in most other circumstances. Beyond that, the paper notes that these baths served a valued hygienic function and an equally vital exercise function. Moreover, the paper relates that the modern-day conduction heating has its antecedents in a hypocaust system that dates back some 2000 years, if not even longer. Finally, the paper reveals that these early baths featured the very first 'flush toilets'. The paper concludes that without question, besides serving as the connective tissue that bound together much of Roman society millennia ago, the Roman bathhouses, with their design innovations and with the startlingly practical functionality of their architecture, set down a template that still finds itself in use even today.

From the Paper
"The following paper will discuss the importance of Roman baths to the people of that ancient empire and how the architectural design (chiefly as it pertains to central heating) left a lasting legacy that is omnipresent in the public facilities that serve us today. To start with, although the online scholarly material is disappointingly scarce, one can quickly discern that the Roman baths served a communal function: while far from perfect (there is evidence of gender segregation, for one thing), the..."

Tags:planning, architecture, form

Abstract
The following paper will discuss the differences and similarities between gothic architecture in England and gothic architecture in France and argue that, while the two styles or schools can be differentiated in many ways, the one thing that they each have in common is that each one sought to impress upon the credulous, God-fearing worshipper the might of God and the might of the Church which, in its earthly form, served as God's emissary. To gain a proper appreciation of gothic symbolism, however, a great deal of context is required and many different things will have to be touched upon. Specifically, the next several pages will define the concept, "gothic," will briefly define "gothic" architecture, will describe/define gothic architecture as it manifested itself in England and France, and will take some time to highlight the Romanesque influences (and Islamic influences) which made possible what we now know today as "classic" gothic architecture. With these matters resolved, the paper will discuss why the gothic style would have been adopted in both England and in France (besides the obvious desire to glorify the Christian God) and the distinctions that exist between English and French gothic architecture (they are rather substantial) will be highlighted along with any similarities which might exist to link the two.

From the Paper
Gothic Architecture in England vs. Gothic Architecture in France: A Description of both, Basic Similarities, the Key Differences, Generative Influences, and (most of all) Symbolism The following paper will discuss the differences and similarities between gothic architecture in England and gothic architecture in France and argue that, while the two styles or schools can be differentiated in many ways, the one thing that they each have in common is that each one sought to impress upon the credulous, God-fearing worshipper the might of God and the might of the Church which, in its earthly form, served as God's emissary. To gain a proper appreciation of gothic symbolism, however, a

Tags:symbolism, gothic, architecture