Abstract This study discusses the question of whether caffeine actually does stimulate the nervous system in such as way that it improves short-term memory. More specifically, the study supports the hypothesis that a group of male students who drank caffeinated coffee prior to taking a short-term memory test will perform better in terms of accuracy and speed than a group of male students that drank decaffeinated coffee before the test. The focus of the study is on a single research question: "Does caffeine improve the short term memory in male college students?" The paper concludes with an evaluation of the efficacy of the study, noting that, from the results obtained in the study, one cannot determine that caffeine improves short-term memory.
Outline:
Introduction
Understanding Memory
Significance of Study
Hypothesis and Research Questions
Literature Review
Methodology
Results
Conclusion
From the Paper "Memory refers to the way in which humans store information for retrieval at a later time. Memory is the key to learning. Memory begins with a stimulus that is received through the five senses. The brain receives the message and sorts the data according to similarities and differences to other information that it already has in storage. It categorizes the information and places it in a location so that the information can be retrieved at a later date.
"We have several types of memory, one is short-term memory and the other is long-term memory. Short-term memory might only last for a few minutes. A piece of information must enter short-term memory before it can enter long-term memory (Singleton, 2006). Working memory acts as the central processing hub for short-term memory. A stimulus might involve several types of information coming in. Working memory collects them and integrates them so that they can be forwarded to the proper locations in the brain. One example of working memory might be when a person smells smoke, feels heat, and hears a crackling noise. These pieces of information all come from different sensory organs. The working memory integrates them and sends them to the area of the brain where they will be interpreted (Singleton, 2006). These pieces of information might not mean danger when taken individually, but taken together; they will most likely be interpreted as danger."
This paper looks at the actual use of Chinese address terms in various interpersonal relations, the grammatical status of the terms of address, and the condition(s) for their occurrence in Chinese.
Abstract This paper lexamines Chinese address terms, their grammatical nature, usage, history of their use, similarities to other languages, and the social dynamics involved in their use. Through the examination of exact terms, the author demonstrates to the reader, the different ways that these terms can be used, depending upon the audience being addressed.
From the Paper "The extension of kinship terms to non-kin persons like categories 6 and 7 has the goal in Chinese communities of socializing the young into respect for their elders and care for their young. Wu says, ?extending the family relationships to outsiders thus fulfills the goal of "one family under the sky" (tianxia yijia)? (1989).Used by the speaker of these terms implies that the rules of behavior are extended to the addressee; or they might even by said to be imposed upon the addressee. If the addressee feels uncomfortable, he can decline the term of address applied to him in this particular relationship. This can happen when the addressee is genuinely modest or when he senses some degree of insincerity in the act. Usually the socializer who confers the address-form is a parent or a caretaker of the child (Hong 1991). But the same discomfort can occur when the term is inconsistent with the addressee's sense of camaraderie."
Abstract The following discussion evaluates various issues related to long term care within today's society. It is necessary to consider that there are a number of important indicators of performance and population that must be addressed relative to the offerings provided by long term care facilities. Society must recognize the importance of the aging population in reference to these facilities.
From the Paper "Long term care facilities often comprise many different conflicts of interest and in the provision of care for patients that is provided by professional nurses. A wide body of research exists regarding these issues, which provides a valuable contribution to this important aspect of the healthcare system in today's society. With the increased life expectancy of the population and the ever-growing baby boomer generation, it is necessary to understand the issues facing the long term care industry due to increased interest in these facilities. An article by Beattle describes the provision of personalized care within long term care facilities, which is compromised by reduced staffing levels and increased population numbers over time."
Abstract The paper explains the long-term care insurance product. The author reviews the demographic outlook, cost and market structure. The paper forecasts the future for this product.
From the Paper "The purpose of this project was to assess the viability of long-term care insurance as a product offering by Prudential Insurance Company. Long-term care insurance helps cover the cost of a person's care or supervision over the course of an illness disability or aging. The projection is that approximately one-half of adults in the United States will have a need for long term care at some point in their lives. Long-term care in the United States is very ..."
Tags: Long-term care Insurance, product offering, cost
Abstract This paper describes the long-term care insurance product. The author explains that the product is a service product provided by Prudential Financial, a subsidiary of Prudential Insurance. The paper focuses on product demand and supply.
From the Paper "The selected organization providing a private product, a service in this case, is Prudential Financial, a subsidiary of Prudential Insurance. The product selected is long-term care insurance, a financial service. Long-term care insurance helps cover the cost of a person's care or supervision over the course of an illness disability or aging. The projection is that approximately one-half of adults in the United States will have a need for long term care at some point in their ..."
Tags: Product pricing, long-term care, price elasticity
Abstract Long-term care can be needed for a variety of reasons from accident injuries, debilitating and long-term illness, or simply due to becoming elderly. This paper explains how there are sometimes when persons cannot care for themselves and must rely on others for their daily needs. Sometimes the care takes place in a facility designed to provide such services. However, sometimes the burden of caring for loved ones falls on family members or even friends. The writer discusses how long term care places a strain on people financially, and how this has been the primary focus of health care policy regarding long term care in the past. The paper also discusses the many emotional issues associated with it as well, not only for the patient, but for the caregiver as well. These issues can cause a variety of difficulties including depression, fatigue, stress and can even lead to the break up of a family. These issues place an even greater burden on the system and society as a whole. It states that these issues must be considered when making new long-term health care policies.
Table of Contents
I. Introduction
II. Social Factors Affecting Care Giving
A. Effects of Divorce
B. Effects of Abuse and Neglect
C. Effects of Women in the Workforce
D. Proximity and Other Factors
III. The Long Term Care Shortage
A. Scope of the Problem
B. Factor Involved
C. Future Trends
IV. Formal Long Term Care: The Impact on Society
A. Scope of Problem
B. Minority Issues
C. Financial Impact on Family
D. Social Workers and Home Caregivers
V. The Effects on the Caregiver
A. Physical and Emotional Symptoms
B. Five Major Causes of Stress Among Home Caregivers
C. Wearing Many Hats
VI. Solutions
From the Paper "There was a time when long-term care facilities did not exist and the entire burden of caring for the elderly or sick was always placed on the family. There are many who feel that this the way it still is and should be, However, the family structures are changing and this concept has now been shown to be a myth (Montgomery, 1999). This shifting family structure means that an increasing number of elderly persons are relying on long term care facilities to replace the traditional family role. The following will explore some of the issues behind these trends.
Divorce rates have been climbing for many years and the traditional idea of the nuclear is quickly being re-defined. As a result, there are now more elderly people who are divorced. The effects of this trend can be shown in the long-term care that these elders are likely to receive from their children. Divorce can harm family ties and often creates feelings of resentment or rejection in many family members. According to a study conducted by Shone and Pezzin, (1999) divorce makes it less likely that families will help each other financially or in terms of physical care. The key findings of this study were that adult children of divorced children were less likely to receive financial assistance from their parents. In addition, stepparents were less likely to receive care from their children than biological parents were. The study found that remarriage reduced the likelihood that an elderly person would receive care even further (Shone and Pezzin, 1999)."
Abstract Term limits have been and continue to be one of the most hotly debated political concepts in the United States. Republican senators tend to view senatorial term limits with a jaundiced eye; the drive for congressional term limits has mainly come from the House. This paper shows that senators have imposed term limits on committee chairmanships of three two-year terms for a full-committee chair, but it seems highly improbable that senators will ever voluntarily adopt limits on their actual tenure in office. The paper argues that senatorial term limits are not within the domain of the politically possible; the backers of such a notion are engaging in a rather quixotic waste of time.
From the Paper "Clearly, Madison did not envision the situation we have today, a situation in which, due to the growing influence which the ability to raise money has on elections, the advantages of incumbency have become such as to give sitting Senators what almost amounts to a de facto lifetime tenure. It is not unheard of for a sitting Senator to lose an election, but it is highly unusual. As Welton notes, until the age of industrialization the notion of a person making a "career" of office holding was both suspect and something of an exception in this country (9)."
Abstract This paper argues that, while term limits were instituted with the best intentions, these policies are misguided. The first part of this paper looks at the history of term limits and the purposes these limits were supposed to serve. The next part then argues that term limits have failed to contribute to a more independent political system and have, instead, given rise to more problems. Because of these reasons, this paper supports the efforts of various national and grassroots organizations to repeal the term limits proposal and to allow qualified people to serve longer terms.
From the Paper "Following the national government's lead, more than one-third of the states in the union have instituted term limits, again amid strong public support. In Michigan, for example, politicians are limited to serving a maximum of six years in the House and eight years in the state Senate. In both chambers of the Florida legislature, politicians are limited to eight year terms. The states of Utah, Nevada, Wyoming and Louisiana have the most generous term limits, capping the maximum at 12 years for both state legislative bodies."
Abstract Alcoholism is one of the largest public health problems in the United States, yet the percentage is extremely low compared to France, Israel or the Soviet Union. However, what would constitute specific effects from long-term drinking? Researchers have battled the integrity to localize the culprit through long-term studies as well as short-term comprehension. Specifically, long-term alcoholism may cause physical pains, mental depression, lower metabolism and possible mental impairments. In this research paper, specific factors are analyzed to show evidence that long-term effect of alcoholism contributes to memory loss through evidence of blackouts, withdrawals and retrievals.
From the Paper "According to a research studied by Aaron White, "Alcohol primarily interferes with the ability to form new long-term memories, leaving intact previously established long-term memories and the ability to keep new information active in memory for brief periods" (White, 2003, p. 185). In other words, long-term alcohol drinking may impede the knack of memory impairments or the modal model such as sensory memory, short-term memory and long-term memory however it depends upon how active the specific memory proceeds within a storage capacity. Alcohol consumed in excessive amounts will decrease metabolism and/or activities due to disruptions within the brain, which contributes to memory impairments."
Abstract The following paper discusses long-term capital management with reference to wall street traders, random individuals and businesses. The paper examines the rise and fall of bond firm of long-term capital management and assesses the consequences ? insofar as they can yet be determined of the failure of LTCM on the U.S. and world economy and the implications for the demise of this giant in terms of future investment strategies in hedge funds.
From the Paper ?Salomon Brothers, where he formed its renowned Arbitrage Group in 1977 by hiring academia's top financial economists. This band of academics developed computer models to deconstruct and ultimately minimize financial risk and became the best ? and the brainiest ? bond arbitrage group in the world. A mysterious and shy Midwesterner, Meriwether knitted together this group of Ph.D.-certified arbitrageurs into a seamless financial machine, and they rewarded him with filial devotion and fabulous profits (Shiller 91).?
Tags: boardroom, New, York, major, Wall, Street, bank, Stock, Exchange, successful, bond-trading, firm, of, economic, activity
This paper discusses long-term health care industry, including mental health, social support, and residential services provided to temporarily or chronically impaired persons over an extended period.
Abstract This paper explains that the long-term health care industry has been affected by trends towards independence through assisted living and away from institutionalization of individuals with chronic health problems. Because more diseases are now treatable, there has been a significant reduction in the number of persons who require long-term care. The author points out that many older individuals are not prepared to face the costs of long-term care because they think it is already fully covered by Medicare. The paper relates that there is a division in the general health care setting between public and private funding; private funding comes from companies and involves a setting that takes market forces into a greater consideration, while public funding comes from the government and has a more regulatory effect on the general health care setting.
Table of Contents
History of the Provider
Current Role of the Provider in the Healthcare System
Current Provider Characteristics
Important Issues Facing the Provider
From the Paper "In terms of current provider characteristics, there are, as mentioned above, many different types of long-term care. Some examples in the current setting are adult day-care centers and nursing homes, but, also as abovementioned, long-term care is not just for the elderly, but is for all individuals with chronic conditions that mean constant care is necessary. Therefore, the general characteristics of long-term care differ in accordance to what is needed by the individual patient. Also, individuals have many options in allowing for long-term care expenses, but these options are narrowed according to the sophistication of the insurance coverage carried by the individual. Although many insurance companies are now providing better long-term allowances than ever, the premiums and deductibles on these policies are often prohibitive to certain individuals who have limited means."
Abstract The majority of low birth weight (LBW), pre-term births are preventable with the proper pre-natal care and wise decision making by the birth mother. The paper begins by describing the problems connected with pre-term births, including the high costs, retardation, developmental problems, etc. It then provides demographic statistics about pre-term birth rates in the United States. Finally, the paper proposes a program modeled on a mentoring system, which could be implemented by a local hospital in order to positively effect changes in the LBW among teens and minority families.
From the Paper "Many individual programs have been designed and implemented by individual agencies, but if the at risk population is still not making use of these programs, there will be only small positive effects felt by the women in the highest need of help. In order to draw together the resources with the target community, any program must have a solid theoretical basis, and for this purpose, this proposal turns to the Health Belief Model (HBM). The HBM is a psychosocial model ( Rosenstock, 1990) which is designed to draw together the various resources while at the same time equipping the target population with the needed tools to take advantage of the resources."
Abstract This paper examines Tony Blair's third term in office in comparison with his first and second terms. The paper draws parallels and links with Margaret Thatcher's administration. It looks at the characteristics and features of third-term governments, in general and evaluates whether they can be successful. In addition, the paper brings examples from around the world, including Japan, Australia, Sweden, South Africa and Italy.
From the Paper "Tony Blair's third successive election victory of 2005 was championed by the government and its supporters as an 'historic' achievement. But as Blair began his final term in office, with a vow to 'focus relentlessly' on voter concerns, political commentators debated the topic of whether third term governments can be successful or whether they are doomed to fail. Now, halfway into his third term, amid scandals, allegations of sleaze, corruption and sheer incompetence, comparisons are being drawn between Blair's current government and Thatcher's disastrous third administration (1987-90), strengthening the argument that third term governments are doomed."
Abstract On October 9, 2002 the Supreme Court of the United States heard oral arguments in the case of Eldred vs. Ashcroft. The paper shows that the fundamental issue in this case is whether Congress, which has constitutional authority to issue copyrights and patents "for limited times" to "promote the progress of science and the useful arts", overstepped its constitutional authority by passing the Act. The previous Copyright Act, passed in 1978, protected copyright author's work for only 50 years after the person dies. The controversy behind the case at bar is that the Bono Act extends this copyright term by 20 years. The paper shows therefore that the Supreme Court must decide whether Congress overstepped its bounds in extending the copyright term of authors from 50 years from their death to 70 years from that time.
From the Paper "Second, the Act is unconstitutional because the extension of the copyright term in the Act contravenes the mandate in the Constitutional text to "promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts", because it instead serves to impede such progress by encouraging monopolies and strangle-holds on the market. (Indeed, many scholars and commentators even go so far as to call the Sonny Bono Act the "Mickey Mouse Amendment", in reference to Disney's need to keep its copyright monopoly on Mickey Mouse and his brethren.) Specifically, in merely advancing the interests of corporate conglomerates (such as Disney and other monopolistic publishers) seeking to hold onto their massively profitable copyrights indefinitely, Congress has contravened both the spirit and the terms of the Copyright Clause of the Constitution."
This paper discusses that the United States most develop an adequate system for long-term care to meet the long-term care needs of an aging population.
Abstract This paper states that concerns about anticipated demographic changes are escalating the financing problem of long-term care for the elderly. The author relates that nursing home care costs can average approximately fifty-five thousand dollars annually per person with many nursing home residents paying the bulk of the rates out of their own pockets. The author believes that a legitimate solution to resolve the problem is to go to a single payer national health insurance program, a single government fund within each state, which pays hospitals, physicians and other health care providers.
From the Paper "Some alternative financing options for long-term care financing can emerge from homeownership but the financial industry has to agree that there is a viable reason in pursuing these options. For example, the public in recent years has pursued the home equity conversions but banks have made these instruments remain limited. In the case of fixed-term reverse mortgages, which I discussed earlier, the lending institutions have shown a reluctance to enter into these nontraditional relationships. ?The banking industry may have considered the fact that in the situation of where the elderly live longer than expected, it may force the financial institutions to foreclose or postpone claiming their assets. Banks do not like waiting to be repaid, and foreclosing on elderly widows conjures up the worst image of bankers. Neither option is attractive to the financial community.? "
