Abstract
This paper explains how to design a radio telescope that would be capable of monitoring electromagnetic radiation emitted from Mars for wavelengths longer than visible light.

From the Paper
"A telescope that has the capabilities of monitoring the electromagnetic radiation, which is wave-like energy that forms light, emitted from the surface of mars for wavelengths longer than visible light, would have to be a radio telescope. I would design it to have a large dish like the kind used for satellite TV, a focus point and a radio receiver. So that it could receive electromagnetic radiation emitted from the surface of Mars for wavelengths longer than visible light, I would want to..."

Tags:design, telescope, radio, electromagetic radiation

Abstract
The paper describes the origins of the telescope. It includes a brief history of the magnifying glass and the first spectacles from which the beginnings of the first telescope evolved. The writer discusses Galileo's part in the development of the telescope and explains the changes from the Galilean model through to the reflecting telescope developed in the mid 1700s. In summation, the paper explains that the telescope has led to other important inventions such as the microscope.

From the Paper
"The cost of quality glass had come done enough by the end of the thirteenth century and the quality was reasonable enough that it was becoming a real possibility for people to be aided in their eyesight problems as they reached their middle years. It was discovered by spectacle makers that they were able to enhance vision for people by shaping and polishing glass in such a way that the words were enlarged. This is what is known today as the magnifying glass and had become common by the middle of the thirteenth century. From here came the invention of the spectacles and as the glass lenses were made smaller and it was learnt what could be done by altering shapes and polishing the glass in various ways the beginnings of the telescope evolved."

Tags:galileo, Hans, Lipperhey, astrology, astronomy

Abstract
This paper discusses the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), the first Earth-orbiting reflecting telescope. The paper examines how the Hubble Space Telescope serves a vital function in increasing our knowledge of the universe. The paper explains that since its launch in 1990, despite several crucial problems, it has revealed a universe full of mysterious bodies, nebula, star systems and galaxies and has expanded the possibilities that humankind is not alone in the universe.

From the Paper
"The first scientific idea for a telescope such as the HST came about in 1946 when Lyman Spitzer issued a proposal for a space telescope with a primary mirror between sixteen and fifty feet in diameter. Throughout the 1960's and 1970's, with the ultraviolet observatories OAO-2, OAO 3 and the IUE in the planning stages, the space telescope remained only a dream, due to the lack of technology. Yet Spitzer did not give up, for by the 1970's he had offered another proposal for a space telescope which would be able to provide images of very faint objects as contrasted to ground-based telescopes which suffer from distortion due to the Earth's atmosphere. According to Spitzer, such a telescope would not "supplement our present ideas of the universe we live in, but rather would uncover new phenomena not yet imagined and perhaps would modify profoundly our basic concepts of space and time" (42)."

Tags:planets, stars, galaxies

Abstract
This paper provides a history of the Hubble Space Telescope. The paper first notes that the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) was named after the astronomer Edwin Hubble and that it is presently in orbit around the Earth, just outside the planet's atmosphere, providing a great advantage over telescopes that are based on the surface. The paper then looks at how the Hubble was launched in 1990 and has grown to be one of the more valuable astronomical instruments in history. In addition, the paper looks at how breakthroughs in astrophysics have been made with the assistance of the increased abilities allowed with the HST.

Outline:
Introduction
Conception, Design, and Aims
Proposals and Funding
Engineering and Construction
Support from Earth
New Instruments and Servicing Missions
Servicing Missions 1, 2, 3A, and 3B
Scientific Results and Data
Astronomical Impact
Transmission to Earth
Use of the Telescope
Scheduling Observations
Observations by Amateur Astronomers
Conclusion

From the Paper
"In 1983, a struggle for power between NASA and the entire scientific community led to the establishment of the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI). Run by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA), the STScI is located on the Johns Hopkins University campus in Baltimore, Maryland. The STScI has the primary responsibility of operating the telescope and delivering data to the astronomy community. Engineering support is located nearby, just south of the STScI, in Greenbelt at the GSFC under NASA's management. Since it was launched, the HST operation has been monitored on a twenty-four hour basis, seven days per week by four separate teams of controllers referred to as Hubble's Flight Operations Team (Hubble Space Telescope, 2007)."

Tags:astrophysics, earth, planets

Abstract
This paper discusses that there are many unanswered questions about the universe; therefore, there is a need for more powerful and better situated the telescopes as proposed by the Cornell University telescope at the Atacama desert in Chile where atmospheric conditions are superb. This paper explains that the astronomers and engineers at Cornell have devised a new design that they hope will provide more efficiency. The author points out that the new design allows the primary mirror to rotate in azimuth while a rotating Gregorian secondary mirror provides the primary mirror with a virtually unobstructed view of the source.

From the Paper
"Telescopes launched into outer space have captured public attention in recent years. The public may wonder at Cornell's choice to build a station on earth when advances seem to be in the sky with its advantage of greater 'height' and clearer view. It is true, of course, that observations at infrared and submillimeter wavelengths--such as the Atacama installation will perform--are far more easily made from space because of the absence of atmospheric interference. But, space stations are terrifically expensive, and the necessary limits on their telescopes' size places a huge constraint on their performance. Another important factor is that, in case of malfunctions, an earthbound telescope presents a great advantage. Thus, the search for optimal conditions on our planet has gone on for many years, and the Atacama Desert has become the astronomers' paradise of choice. The European Southern Observatory is already in operation there, and the United States' National Radio Astronomy Observatory will undoubtedly locate its new Millimeter Array there."

Tags:efficiency, atmospheric, design, mirror, view

Abstract
This paper relates the reasons for the construction of the Big Ear Radio Telescope. The author discusses the way it was built.

Abstract
A paper on the development of the telescope by Galileo Galilei. The author discusses the many theories borne from Galileo's observations of the heavens.

From the Paper
"Centuries ago, a tube and two lenses were the only essentials needed to start the journey into the sky. This instrument, called a telescope, expanded the human vision and brought new light from beyond their world and beyond the already visible sky. It allowed mankind to explore the most distant places imaginable without leaving their backyard. Astronomers have studied the stars for centuries, and, with the aid of a telescope, have discovered new entities that exist in the universe. The first person to use this tool for astronomical purposes was Galileo Galilei. He was the first to turn a telescope up into the stars and make observations. His telescope was crude and not as powerful as telescopes today, but it was effective during his time. Although modern telescopes are far more powerful and extremely effective due to electronics, mirrors, and other enhancements to the design of the telescope, the observations and discoveries made by Galileo and his rudimentary telescope are just as significant as those made by telescopes today and in the future."

Tags:hubble, space, telescope, telescopes

Abstract
This paper compares the Hubble Space Telescope to its potential successor, the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), in terms of their cost effectiveness. The paper looks at the technology of both telescopes to see which will bring continue to bring back the most valuable information, their respective missions, the cost of deploying and maintaining them in orbit, and the cost of repairs, if any, of the telescopes to determine the cost effectiveness of the telescopes.

From the Paper
"Ever since its launch in 1990, the Hubble telescope has been orbiting the Earth at 600 kilometers above, bringing valuable information and photos from space. Its history goes back to 1977, when the Congress approved the project funds. However, operations didn't take off until 1981, when the Space Telescope Science Institute was founded, designed especially for the production and research of the Hubble Space Telescope."

Tags:deployed, gyroscope, mirror, universe, data, observations, traveled, astronomical, targets

Abstract
This paper is written about refraction and reflection images in telescopes. Refracting telescopes were the only type of telescope for nearly a hundred years" (Course Notes 36). In the refractor telescope, the objective lens is responsible for magnification. In reflector telescopes, it is the primary mirror that collects great amounts of light from distant objects and creates a brighter image.

From the Paper
"The Hubble Space Telescope is a cooperative program of the European Space Agency (ESA) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) for the operation of a long lived space based observatory for the benefit of the international astronomical community. The idea was first developed in the 1940s, designed and built in the 1970s and 80s, and made operational only in the 1990s. This was to be a different type of mission for NASA, to create a long term space based observatory. In order to accomplish this goal and to protect the spacecraft against instrument and equipment failures, NASA had always planned on regular servicing missions. The Hubble has special grapple fixtures, 76 handholds, and is stabilized in all three axes. The Hubble is a 2.4 meter reflecting telescope which was deployed in low ..."