Abstract This paper examines some suggestions for outdoor professionals on how to survive in extreme environments. It discusses the essential elements of water, shelter and food necessary for survival in the desert, in the arctic, in the tropics and at sea. The paper aims to offer strategies at locating and exploiting resources necessary for survival.
From the Paper "The elements necessary for survival in extreme environments are much the same for survival in a conventional one. Without water, shelter and food death is imminent. However, one essential difference separates the two. In conventional environments the resources are plenty and quite accessible. In extreme environments resources are harder to find and are more difficult to exploit. Following are suggestions and strategies to survive in the desert, in the arctic, in the tropics and at sea. These suggestions primarily focus on the location..."
Abstract Six-page essay that explores why Primo Levi chose to write "Survival in Auschwitz" using literary techniques instead of writing it as a strictly journalistic account.
Abstract This paper traces the issues of evil, pain, and suffering and their relation to life. It uses many biblical references to justify or explain the meaning of why good things happen to bad people and visa versa. This paper is a personal opinion paper relating to a basic philosophical question.
From the Paper "Philosophy starts with the question of the existence of God, including the concept of God you envision and your expectations of Him. This one issue is the basis of every answer to every philosophical question and is essential to everything else we believe in. Then comes the question of evil and suffering. If God exists, why is there so much evil and suffering in the world? "
Abstract This paper will over the book "Surviving Schizophrenia: A Manual for Families, Consumers, and Providers" by E. Fuller Torrey, and seek to understand how the book relates treatment, definition, and the making of the disease of schizophrenia. By under this medical outlook on the disease, we can learn much about the doctor approaches the common symptoms, and cures that can help the person who suffers from it.
Abstract In this article the writer discusses the symbolism of the fish in Elizabeth Bishop's free-verse poem "The Fish". The paper examines Bishop's use of similes throughout the poem. In addition, the writer looks at her use of alliteration and assonance as a means to enhance the impact of the poem. The paper suggests that the fish primarily serves as a symbol of resiliency and survival and that it is a common symbol of Christianity and Christ.
From the Paper "A common symbol of Christianity and Christ, the fish serves as a multi-layered symbol in Bishop's poem. Because the fish has been hooked and is bloody and also because the fish emerges from the water a "venerable" creature, it readily symbolizes Christ. Moreover, the fish's attitude toward its captors is passive: "He didn't fight. / He hadn't fought at all." He "hung a grunting weight, / battered" just like the dying Jesus on the cross. Further Christian symbols include a simile referring to the "ancient wall-paper" of the fish's scales. The fish is also a foreign creature, who cannot survive on land just as human beings could not survive under water. His "frightening gills" labor at inhaling the "terrible oxygen" that provides sustenance to mammals but not to fish. Thus, the fish is exotic in its denotation of Christ and in its otherworldly appearance."
Abstract Sara Tuvel Bernstein's memoir, "The Seamstress: A Memoir of Survival", is one of the most memorable of first-person accounts of survival during the Holocaust. The book is well-told by the late Bernstein and deserves a prominent place in the archive of Holocaust survival stories. In 1944, she was transported with her sister and two friends to the Ravensbruck concentration camp. In a moving afterward, Seren's daughter describes her mother's strong personality. Published posthumously, Bernstein's work evolved literally thread by thread as she worked in her sewing room, methodically recording her tale of survival during the Holocaust.
Abstract One of the most valuable human qualities is the will to survive. Case histories of life-threatening situations have demonstrated that stubborn, strong will power is often the key to conquering dangerous conditions. The paper shows, however, that the will to survive also manifests in the human physiology. Hunger, sweating and panic are good examples of anatomical responses to danger. These actions are largely uncontrolled. The paper argues, therefore, that the will to survive is not simply a human trait, it is also an instinct.
From the Paper "However, by stopping the sweating mechanism, the body is making a drastic attempt to prevent further water loss by initiating absolute conservation of water. This physiologically-initiated method of survival actually prolongs the person's ability to survive in that it allows him extra time to replenish his fluids. If the body continued sweating, the fluid loss level would reach 15 percent, the blood volume would fall below sustainable levels and the organs would simply die."
Abstract This paper examines how the goal of medicine is to reduce and try to prevent suffering and how suffering is sometimes ignored due to the difficulty of quantifying suffering into readable data. It looks at how critical attributes are characteristics of the concept that appear over and over again in the concept's many definitions and how these characteristics help to distinguish the concept from other concepts. This paper gives examples of a model case, a related case, an illegitimate case, and a borderline case. It also talks about empirical referents, statements, propositions, and implications for practice. It shows how nurses care for those who suffer and how understanding the concept of suffering could assist nurses in recognizing the behavioral cues of those suffering, as well as assist in responding to suffering.
From the Paper "The concept of suffering can be used in several situations: in practice, in education, and in research. For nursing practice, understanding suffering is important to provide holistic care. Since suffering is more than simply pain, holistic treatment can include addressing patients? individual feelings of completeness, purpose, and threats to these feelings (Rodgers & Cowles, 1996, p. 1051). To further health education, identification of the concept of suffering leads to include suffering into nursing curriculum. It provides the content information for teaching the concept. In nursing research, insight into suffering leads to the opportunity for further inquiry. Concept analysis establishes the problems to be studied. It identifies the phenomena to be examined. It creates measurement tools of the concept. And further research of suffering can lead to the development of theories related to suffering."
Abstract The author uses Primo Levi's autobiography, "Survival in Auschwitz," to describe the everyday life of a prisoner in the Nazi concentration camp, Auschwitz. The author gives a brief biography of Primo Levi, and describes how he ended up at Auschwitz, including his experiences on the train ride from Italy. Some of the issues discussed are the day-to-day activities in the camp, and how Levi actually managed to survive the horror in which he was living.
From the Paper "Yet another element in his survival was his friendship with two Italians, Alberto, a fellow H"ftling, and Lorenzo, an Italian civilian worker at the Buna installation whom Levi met by chance. Levi was assigned to Alfredo's block after a two-week stay in the Ka-Be (sick house.) Levi and Alberto shared rations and supported each other in their quest for survival. Lorenzo's friendship was of even greater importance. Lorenzo became Levi's protector and brought him a piece of bread and what was left of his ration every day for six months. Lorenzo's conduct was atypical of the civilian behavior toward the H"ftlinge in the camp. The civilians saw the degraded and disfigured slaves as deserving of their fate even when they threw them potatoes or bread. Above all, Lorenzo treated Levi as a human being, and it was that treatment which Levi believes kept him alive."
Abstract The purpose of this paper is to introduce, discuss, and analyze the topic of the Holocaust and how Primo Levi survived his imprisonment in Auschwitz. Specifically, it answers the questions: What perspective does Levi provide on day-to-day survival within Auschwitz? Was there order amidst the chaos of mass murder?
From the Paper "Primo Levi was one of the lucky few who survived the horrific prison camp of Auschwitz operated by the Nazis with the sole purpose of exterminating as many Jews as possible. Levi opens his book with the statement, "It was my good fortune to be deported to Auschwitz only in 1944, that is, after the German Government had decided, owing to the growing scarcity of labor, to lengthen the average life span of the prisoners destined for elimination" (Levi 9). Initially, this opening sentence in the Preface not only illustrates the strength of the man who the reader will come to know throughout the book, but his essential optimism, which is one of the many things that ultimately helped him survive his nine months in the world's most notorious Nazi prison camp. As the book unfolds, the traits necessary to survive become quite obvious, and Levi's trait of optimism even in the pit of despair is one of the things that helped pull him through, and helped many others survive, too."
Abstract This paper examines how a human cell survives during its life cycle. The paper focuses on two sets of factors associated with survival: (1) the processes and mechanisms that lead to continued cell life, and (2) the processes and mechanisms that lead to cell death.
Abstract This paper examines Primo Levi's "Survival in Auschwitz", which describes his personal experiences in the Auschwitz concentration camp. It discusses how, for Primo Levi, the strength and tenacity to withstand the terrors of the death camps had much to do with his physical and mental stamina, his scientific background as a chemist and perhaps his personal religious beliefs, which certainly helped other Jews to survive.
From the Paper "Without a doubt, Levi did indeed possess great luck, good, sturdy health and much spiritual strength upon entering Auschwitz and certainly retained these traits when he was released in 1945. Physically, Levi was a rather small man but possessed much body mass and strength as a result of climbing mountains as a hobby. He once declared that he "learned the virtues of resistance, endurance and sustenance in the mountains" and admitted that without these "virtues" he would not have been able to survive the death camp at Auschwitz (Pytell, "The Grey Zone: Viktor Frankl's Auschwitz"). Clearly, as a denizen of the Auschwitzian version of "Hell on Earth," Levi found himself dependent on these "virtues" in order to endure and overcome the horrible conditions at the camp and the never-ending taunting and coarse discipline of his Nazi inquisitors. "
Abstract Utilizing a Judeo-Christian approach to the problem of suffering as it arises from both moral and natural evil, this paper explores the nature of suffering in an attempt to understand why God allows it and what it says about God. The writer first defines suffering and describes what precipitates it and how it affects humanity. The writer then analyzes several different responses by different scholars to this problem, but does not find an intellectual solution. The paper concludes that since God gave freedom to his creation, life inevitably experiences suffering and evil but these do not have the final word. God stands before and after both suffering and evil.
From the Paper "Suffering as caused by "natural evil" is seen throughout the history of humanity and all kinds of life. Pain is also rampant throughout the animal kingdom. Pain is seen as more of a physical manifestation in a discomforting sensation, whereas suffering occurs upon a reflection of the physical pain or even emotional pain. The distinction is not so clear throughout the theological/philosophical literature. It seems to be much clearer from a psychological standpoint."
This paper looks at two books: "I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings" by Maya Angelou and "Into the Wild" by Jon Krakauer, comparing the characters' ability to survive.
Abstract The paper first looks at the character Maya in "I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings" and her struggle to survive in the 1930s in rural, segregated Arkansas. The writer then explores Christopher McCandless of "Into the Wild" the true story of a man fighting for his life while starving in the wilds of Alaska.
From the Paper "After graduating with honors from Emory University in 1990, McCandless donated his entire savings of $25, 000 to charity, loaded his scant possessions into his used Datsun, and disappeared into the fringes of North America without saying good-bye. He was an ardent reader of London, Tolstoy, and Thoreau, as well as other philosophers and nature writers. He particularly enjoyed Tolstoy, adopting his principles of asceticism, living a life of desolation and poverty. He renounced his name and former life, introducing himself as Alexander Supertramp to the people he met during the two years before his death. His travels are pieced together from letters and interviews with the people McCandless encountered, along with the occasional journal entry by McCandless himself."
Abstract This paper examines the experiences of Okankwo, Paul Baumer and Primo Levi, who are all individuals forced to adapt to cruel historical circumstances simply in order to survive.
