This paper looks at how the fighting between the Sunnis and Shiites in Iraq has affected the country, as well as gives background information on the Sunni-Shiite split.
Abstract The current sectarian conflict between the Sunni and Shiite Muslims in Iraq, termed as a full-fledged civil war by some observers, threatens to rip the country apart in an orgy of mindless violence. According to one school of thought, the fighting has the potential of escalating beyond the borders of Iraq and destabilizing the whole region of Middle East, particularly after the American occupation force withdraws from Iraq. Others disagree and believe that the conflict is a direct result of the U.S. occupation and may even have been fanned by the occupation forces as a classic colonial tactic of "divide and rule." In this research paper on Sunni-Shiite fighting in Iraq, the author examines the background of the Sunni-Shiite split and traces the history of Iraqi Shiites, besides discussing how the conflict has affected the country.
Outline:
Background of the Conflict--the Sunni-Shiite Split
Shiites in Iraq
Historical Sunni-Shiite Relations in Iraq
The Sunni-ShiiteConflict in the Post 2003 Scenario
Who is Responsible for the Provocative Attacks?
Conclusion
From the Paper "The Shiite Buyid dynasty, for example, controlled Iraq and Persia for more than a hundred years from 945 to 1060 AD ("Buyid" 2007) and the Iraq region again came under the control of the Shiite/ Persian Safavid Empire during parts of the 16th and 17th century . The Safavid-Ottoman attempts to control Iraq deepened the Shia-Sunni rift as both Empires used Sunni and Shia religions to mobilize domestic support and prosecuted the rival sect during their periods of control. For instance, Iraq's Sunni population suffered immensely during the Safavid reign (1623-38), while Iraqi Shiites were strictly excluded from positions of power during the Ottoman control (1638-1916). During the longer Ottoman period, the Sunnis monopolized administrative and political power and the Shiites were not provided similar opportunities ("The Ottoman Period" 1988)"
Tags:conflictsunnishiite occupation history, middle east
Abstract The paper explores the beginnings of the conflict between the Sunni and Shiite factions of Islam and explains their ideological differences. The paper focuses on the twentieth century and why the Islamic conflict continues. The paper discusses how concessions to the Islamists will not work because wiping out the West is part of their agenda. The paper points out, however, that a better understanding of this conflict among Westerners can only yield positive results by clarifying how our interests lay with the Muslims who do not answer the Islamist call to battle.
Table of Contents:
Outline
Beginnings
The Schism
The Contemporary Sunni-Shiite Divide
Conclusion
From the Paper "This essay will examine the ongoing conflict between the two principle branches of Islam: Sunni and Shiite. This is a relevant, even critical topic for anyone interested in today's world events. The current War on Terror and the struggles between Palestinians and the Israelis make understanding the acrimony between Sunni and Shiite Muslims necessary. The secular, Christian West remained generally ignorant of Islam until September 11, 2001, when members of Islam's radical fringe besmirched their faith in the eyes of the world through an amazing act of terrorism."
An analysis of the reasons why Sunnis and Shiites in Iraq have never been able to get along and how their differences have impacted Iraqi state-building.
3,375 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 15 sources, 2005, $ 133.95
Abstract This paper shall examine why it is that the Sunnis and Shiites of Iraq, who desperately need to work together if they are to find lasting peace and if the new Iraq is to be more stable and democratic than the old Iraq, are thus far unable to do so. In particular, the paper looks at the religious, political and institutional factors that have driven a wedge between the two groups. Ultimately, the paper concludes that knowing what went wrong in the past is the crucial first step to avoid the same mistakes in the future.
From the Paper "For those unfamiliar with the ethnic and group hostility that often percolates below the surface of Iraqi society, the often-acrimonious relationship between Iraqi Sunnis and Iraqi Shias (Shiite) occasionally defies easy explanation. As Martin Woollacott (2004) of the UK Guardian notes, "[F]amilies and tribes in Iraq have Sunni and Shia branches, intermarriage has not been uncommon, and both branches of Islam suffered persecution under Saddam," although Shias fared worse at the hands of that particular dictator than did their Sunni counterparts (para.11). Woollacott proceeds to point out that both parties have a vested mutual interest in working together, inasmuch as proof that they can do so is one of the most promising means by which they can expedite the ejection of American military personnel from Iraq (2004, para.11)."
Abstract This paper considers the possibility that the Sunnis, Shiites and Kurds of Iraq could work together under a central government but admits that it is almost too much to hope for. The paper discusses how Iraq's struggle to unify the differing factions to craft a central government could be guided by John Locke's "Two Treatises of Government" whereby its citizens will have the liberty to defer their rights to a central government in exchange for the peace of law and order. The paper emphasizes that the United States must finally leave Iraq in order to give the Iraqis their chance to seek the possibility of John Locke's idealism that establishes a peaceful existence.
From the Paper "As much as the United States would like to refute the existence of the stabilized government under the Saddam Hussein regime, Iraq did function as an authoritarian government. Yes, it is true that atrocities did take place under Saddam Hussein's Sunni-led minority regime, which means that Iraqi citizens were not being protected. In contrast, despite the efforts of the United States to rebuild Iraq's infrastructure and to implement the Coalition Provisional Authority, the Iraqi government has been unable to put together a government that maintains central control and is influenced by a coalition of states. Russell contends that what is currently happening in Iraq is "an uncontrollably escalating war in a country fractured by the internal divisions of religion, ethnicity, and tribe and by the external interference of foreign insurgents, occupiers, and neighbors" (par. 9)."
Tags:Sunnis, Shiites, Kurds, U.S., civil, war, government, law, order
Abstract This paper discusses the social and political conflicts that have plagued modern Iraqi history. The paper argues that the current war in Iraq is the result of unresolved tensions betwen ethnic and religious factions in the country.
From the Paper "Political scientist Michael J Sodaro's writing of the myriad factors impacting upon the process of democratization now underway in post-Saddam Iraq argues that the most critical variable with the potential to disrupt..."
Abstract This paper takes a look at conflict management. The paper defines conflict management as a difference in view or opinion or the variance in choices that can occur between two or more people. The paper discusses how conflict in the workplace can be detrimental, with dire consequences. The paper further discusses how the art of conflict management is essentially the ability to consistently turn conflict situations into opportunities for development and growth.
Outline:
Introduction
What is Conflict and Conflict Management?
Some Central Causes of Conflict in the Workplace
Brief Overview of Theoretical Perspectives
Why is Conflict Management Important?
Managing Conflict Conclusion
From the Paper "This aspect would also be beneficial when dealing with a difficult customer or staff member. Through listening and being attentive the to nuances of what is being said, aspects and areas of concern may be revealed which can be used to defuse the conflict situation. Listening also tends to prevent an unthinking over-reaction to the situation. This method is very simple but they also can have a profound effect on a difficult client or staff member. In effect not reacting in a provocative and hostile way may reduce the other party's hostility and make him or her calmer and more amenable to discussion. "
Abstract This article looks at the belief that religious conflicts are more difficult to resolve non-violently than many other types of conflicts, because people cling dogmatically to their religious beliefs and are seldom willing to compromise them. The writer conveys this opinion by offering a number of historical examples, such as the Crusades and the Reformation. The paper then offers a couple of present examples, such as the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and the Muslim-Christian conflict in the Sudan. Through these examples an unwillingness to compromise is demonstrated, showing that resolving religious conflicts non-violently is more difficult than resolving many other types of conflict.
From the Paper "The writer believes that religious conflicts are more difficult to resolve non-violently than many other types of conflicts, because many people cling dogmatically to their beliefs and are seldom willing to compromise. The most noteworthy of these religious conflicts spanned four-hundred years from the eleventh to the fifteenth century and were known as the Crusades. The Crusades were expeditions undertaken in fulfillment of a solemn vow to deliver the Christian Holy Places from Mohammedan tyranny. This conflict resulted in open and sporadic warfare that ended without a ... "
Abstract This paper discusses conflict as something we normally consider in negative terms, but it is in fact neutral and can actually be beneficial. The paper defines conflict management as the process that begins when one party perceives that the other party has negatively affected, or is about to negatively affect, something that he or she cares about. The paper then discusses how conflict management or conflict resolution refers to various strategies which can be used either by organizations or by individuals to deal with and resolve conflict.
Abstract This paper considers conflicts of interest and their impact on organizational discourse. Specifically, this research examines the way conflicts of interest impact business decision making and how these issues can be reconciled to create improved outcomes for the organization. Through a careful review of what has been noted about managing conflicts of interest, it will be possible not only to garner a better understanding of the challenges created in this situation, but also to evaluate the potential improvements that can be achieved through this process.
Outline:
Introduction
Literature Review
Conflicts of Interest: Definition and Scope
Managing Conflicts of Interest
Policies and Practices
Mathematical/Contingency Modeling
Benefits of Managing Conflicts of Interest
Summary/Recommendations/Conclusions
From the Paper "The final issue addressed in the context of this investigation was the benefits of conflict in the organization. Even though conflicts of interest clearly create notable challenges for decision making and action, the reality is that these conflicts also bring to light deficiencies in the organization that can improve outcomes for operations. By being aware of the issues and further using the issue to help the organization grow and develop, managers can set a positive example for addressing ethical issues and further provide employees with vital information which could facilitate their decision making in the future."
Abstract The current situation in the Middle East is one of conflict, but nowhere is the conflict more consolidated than between Palestine and Israel. During the past two years, a state of tension that has existed for centuries has erupted in new violence, and the conflict that has manifest therein is only becoming worse. In the quest to better prevent future damage, it is absolutely necessary both to explore the history that has created the conflict and to examine its current state. This paper explores the numerous factors that have contributed to the present state of the conflict between Palestine and Israel in order to assess the potential future therein.
This paper examines the cause and effect of conflicting problems within a particular work group while also presenting solutions and strategies for conflict resolution.
Abstract This paper focuses on the dynamics of a departmental work group which was created to manage daily operations within a specific working environment. This paper examines the initial goals of the group as well as the instances and reasons for severe issues of conflict within the group. The writer of this paper discusses the various strategies and processes the group must implement in order to resolve the issues of conflict to once again become an effective and productive team. This paper lists the various acceptable and non-acceptable behaviors within a group environment. The writer contends and explains why it's imperative that there be an effective leader that is capable of guiding and leading his or her team to resolve issues of conflict which ultimately impede on the productivity of the entire group. This paper also examines the effectiveness of the 'storming' process in resolving conflict. The storming process addresses the lack of leadership and/or cohesiveness within the group. The storming process allows for members of the group to aspire for higher positioning or for a leadership role within the group while at the same time rejecting the current self-assigned leader.
From the Paper "One of the major problems with the team is that the main focus for many members is based on jockeying for position, rather than on achieving the goals of the team. It must be noted that for a team to be effective, members must be aligned and focused on achieving team goals together, not on achieving individual goals. This is not occurring. I believe that a major reason for this is based on the fact that members are viewing the work group as an opportunity to be noticed by the manager and achieve individual success. In saying this, it must be noted that the work group is the first opportunity many members have had to contribute to the department. This means that members are viewing the work group as an opportunity to contribute more to the department."
Tags: applied, practice, conflict, group, workplace, human, resources, leader, team
Abstract This paper examines interpersonal conflict within the workplace as well as conflict negotiation for managers as a response to that kind of business place conflict. The paper outlines some of the cons of ignoring conflict in the workplace, defines the relevant terms, discusses the pros of conflict negotiation, and concludes the matter with a consideration of some recommendations.
From the Paper "Managing interpersonal conflict in the workplace can be one of the most difficult and yet most important tasks that a manager must undertake on a regular basis. Modern business methods have repeatedly broken down traditional organizational structures, often in favor of team-building and small, task-oriented groups. In these kinds of situations, office politics become much more crucial to the success of individual projects. It takes a skilled manager to maintain good will between employees and requires the use of conflict negotiation in the workplace. Despite the difficulty in doing so, the benefits of mastering this skill will be incredibly high. In general, studies have demonstrated that individuals within an organization perceive interpersonal conflict negatively and believe that it has a negative effect on outcomes (Barki and Hartwick 222)."
Abstract This paper discusses conflict within the family in relation to married couples, courts, and adolescents. The paper further discusses the types of conflict resolution, and places focus on the concept of the win-win approach to conflict resolution within the family. Through research the paper discusses concepts that have been tested that provide information on positive outcomes in conflict resolution associated to this concept.
From the Paper "When conflict occurs within modern society it is often exhibited through two predominant types of confrontation. Destructive conflict involves outcomes that are based on competition during the conflict. In this instance there are generally two opposing forces that are determined to dominate the other, and the stakes become higher between the individuals as they attempt to take measures to inflict emotional pain on each other. Constructive conflict, however, allows individuals to learn, and grow through the experience that is progressed through the idea that both parties will ultimately "win" in the outcome of the exchange. Cahn (1994) contends that constructive conflict is, by nature, a method of developing socially, and maintaining intimacy between couples (p. 114). Cahn (1994) suggests that every person must possess his or her individualism, as well as the association with a family unit (p. 114)."
Abstract The paper maintains that team conflict within an organization is all too common in the United States and is often due to misunderstandings and miscommunication between people from different cultural backgrounds. The paper explains that personality clashes, conflicting ambitions and related factors contribute to team conflict as well, but regardless of the causes of conflict, organizations can reduce conflict by fostering more effective communication within teams and within the organization as a whole.
Abstract This paper shows the need for today's managers to be experts at managing conflict in the workplace. The author cites statistics that show how much of a manager's time is spent resolving conflicts. The paper briefly reviews Peg Pickering's book "Managing Conflict" as an example of a tool for the workplace. The author cites Pickering's description of different types of conflict and skills for overcoming these problems. The paper's author then describes his own research on Pickering and why it is interesting that her book is so popular. The author concludes that self-help books work to a point, yet people are complex beings and therefore skilled management requires in-depth problem solving skills, not simply works from the popular press.
From the Paper "Pickering then proceeds to discuss the types of conflicts (internal, interpersonal, retaliate, dominate, isolate and cooperate); ways to identify the conflict stages (everyday concerns and disputes, more significant challenges, and overt battles; conflict management styles (collaboration, obliging, dominating, avoiding, and compromising) and what personality traits influence them; constructive management style; importance of communication; emotional aspect; the intervention team and, for good measure, how to deal with an angry customer."
