Abstract This paper presents a literature review on improving physicalfitness. The paper underscores the importance of physicalfitness for adults as well as children and adolescents. The paper also looks at health problems that are related to lack of physicalfitness. The paper concludes with a discussion of how to build a routine of physicalfitness.
From the Paper "Although most people's concept of physical fitness is little more than a vague conceptual notion of being in good shape or having a conditioned body, a more clinical definition is that physical..."
Abstract The paper reviews the study "Drug court Interventions and the Role of PhysicalFitness programs in Client Treatment Outcomes". The paper explains that the subject study was conducted in the Orange County Drug Court to see if the well accepted benefits of a physicalfitness program would have a positive influence on the relapse and recidivism rate that is usually very high among drug offenders. The paper concludes that due to limited participation, the results were inconclusive.
Outline:
Part One - Is This A True Experiment?
Identify the Independent and Dependent Variables
Internal and External Validity
Cross-sectional versus Longitudinal
Identify the Study and Control Groups
Does the Study Meet the Requirements of Randomness?
Will the Study be Generalizable to the Broader Population?
Part Two - Ethical Issues
From the Paper "The requirements that a true experiment have are three elements, those being two comparison groups, variations in the independent variables before assessment of the dependent variables and random assignment of the groups (Schutt, 2006, p.201). In the assessment of the fitness programs in drug courts, the researcher made a good faith effort to establish the requisite elements to have a true experiment. However his efforts were hampered due to low funding and low participation (Thompson, 2006, p.84). As detailed below, the study did have independent and dependent variables, variations in the independent variables, however the randomness of the participants was lacking due to an extreme lack of participation in the experimental group. Therefore although the experiment was set up with the best of intentions, the actual scientific value of the experiment is questionable because of the weakness of the third element."
Abstract This paper is on the physicalfitness awareness of selective women 2001-2002 year. There has been a growing awareness among women regarding physicalfitness. As a result, a lot of physicalfitness facilities have sprung up in the last few years. However, there are several determining factors that decide physicalfitness awareness. This paper addresses the issue of physical activity within the context of age divisions, race and ethnicity.
Abstract This paper talks about the importance of proper nutrition in the physicalfitness formula. The paper points out that the current and long-lasting trend in physicalfitness, which places strong emphasis on what not to eat in order to achieve a desired weight, will not lead to true physical well-being. The paper talks about the importance of proper nutrition and how it relates to physicalfitness and highlights the different components of good nutrition.
From the Paper "In today's cultural climate, especially in popular print and television media, most of the discourse on the topic of ?diet,? is focused on the concepts of ?exclusion.? In fact, some might argue that this narrow collective attention on "what must be eliminated" from diet, stems, not from the value of health and optimum physical performance, but from the specific and limited goal of weight loss to the exclusion of all else. Although there can be little doubt that the current national obesity epidemic is a serious problem, exclusive focus on negative diet discourse, i.e. ?Stop eating that!? causes considerable confusion about just what one should eat to ensure total physical fitness. After all, optimum weight is only one component of overall health and wellness."
Abstract This paper analyzes whether physicalfitness improves academic success. The paper specifically focuses on the relationship between physical activity and physicalfitness with academic performance among children in elementary schools in the United States. It analyzes previous research done in this area and attempts to reach conclusions based on their results. It also briefly looks at the issues of obesity in children in the United States.
Table of Contents:
Objective
Discussion of General Background Literature
Summary of Pertinent Research
Conclusions of the Literature Review
From the Paper "Obesity among school children has been noted as being a problem in many U.S. states in recent years with schools attempting to address these problems. One major factor that is only making obesity a further problem and is as well perpetuating diminishing grades for students is the stringent standards set out for testing by the "No Child Left Behind Act" which is referred to as 'every child left behind' by many teachers in the United States. The focus on testing has resulted in physical education classes being reduced in terms of the time and importance allotted to these classes and that time being instead diverted to core curriculum in the attempt to raise scores on the Standardized Achievement Tests (SAT) of students."
Abstract While emphasizing the need for further studies on this subject, this paper presents an overview of physical education in public schools and provides insight into the growing concern about the need to upgrade the subject so that it encompasses not just physical activity, but health education as well.
From the Paper "If the problems begin so early in childhood, even before formal education and standards of measurements are undertaken, what can or should be done to encourage physical activity, and a sort of physical ed. without a Phys. Ed. "teacher"? It becomes a family enterprise, according to many health experts, since achieving a minimum standard of fitness at any age is not an over-night occurrence. " A 1988 study by the Melpomene Institute showed that one of the three most important influences on a child's involvement in exercise and physical activity is the time parents spend doing these things with the child." Few parents have, or take, the time to do that. There may be nearby playgrounds, or excursions to parks (in a car, of course) but most families do not work on a strict physical activities schedule. And so, as the child grows and is ready for pre-school and then elementary school, most parents let school authorities regulate curricula."
Tags: care, bodies, nutrition, physically, fit, mentally, academic, proficiency, intellectual
Abstract The paper examines the use of drugs in the 1960s, specifically the use of drugs by soldiers during the Vietnam War, and the effect this drug use had on them when they returned from the war. The paper illustrates the economic consequences of the drug culture.
From the Paper "Illicit drug use reached a new "high" in the 1960s, when young people all over the world began experimenting with legal and illegal drugs. Uppers, downers, LSD, pot, and many other new words were all introduced into the language, and thousands of young people spent their days in a haze of smoke and inactivity."
Abstract The paper discusses how treating a drug offender's addiction is the best way to keep him from re-offending. The paper looks at Treatment Alternatives to Street Crime (TASC), a program designed to help offenders get treatment with the hopes of decreasing crime. The paper discusses the mission and components of TASC and looks at studies that compare TASC, an involuntary treatment program, with voluntary treatment programs. The paper also examines studies that analyze which types of offenders TASC is most effective in treating and reforming. The paper concludes that, overall, the TASC program seems to be effective by treating offenders longer and thereby improving recidivism rates.
From the Paper "Researchers in the Criminal Justice field have discovered that treating a drug offender's addiction is the best way to keep them from reoffending to support their habit. The problem that justice officials face is that without outside pressure and guidance very few drug offenders will seek treatment for themselves. The solution to this problem is coerced drug treatment programs, whereby an offender is made to attend as a condition of their probation or parole, or as a form of diversion. One program designed to help offenders get treatment with the hopes of decreasing crime is Treatment Alternatives to Street Crime (TASC). TASC was started in 1972 as part of the Drug Abuse Office and Treatment Act (Satel, 1999). TASC attempts to coordinate the activities of the criminal justice system and drug treatment programs."
Abstract The paper discusses the Rockerfeller drug laws that force courts to impose heavy mandatory prison sentencing for those in possession of a small amount of drugs. The paper focuses on the flaws in these policies that include the high cost, high proportion of minorities incarcerated and failure in reducing drug-related crime. The paper examines how rehabilitation with regards to the Rockerfeller drug laws will work to address drug crimes, save money, address recidivism and target violence. The paper outlines the newly agreed upon Rockerfeller drug law reforms, that promise several promising programs and sentencing responses.
Outline:
Introduction
Goals of Sentencing and Rehabilitation
Rehabilitation Works To Address Drug Crimes
Promising Programs and Sentencing Responses
From the Paper "The Rockerfeller Drug Laws, enacted in 1973, forces courts to impose heavy mandatory prison sentencing for those in possession of a small amount of drugs. The Drop the Rock Campaign [DTRC] (nd), an initiative of the Correctional Association of New York, reports that it costs $520 million dollars a year to keep the 12,000 (approximate) people incarcerated for minor-non-violent crimes due to the Rockerfeller Drug Laws. DTRC estimates that close to ninety percent of those incarcerated are minorities (Latino or African Americans) when it is known that those who sell and use drugs the most are White Americans."
Abstract This paper provides an in-depth analysis of the recidivism rates of African American juvenile offenders, including a theoretical background and an outline of the contributions to the field of juvenile justice. It includes critiques and suggestions for future research and concludes with policy implications regarding recidivism rates of African-American juvenile drug offenders.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Theoretical Background
Literature Review
Contributions to the Field of Juvenile Justice
Policy Implications
Critiques of the Juvenile Justice System
Suggestions for Future Research
Conclusion
From the Paper "A review of the literature indicates that although recidivism rates among African American juvenile drug offenders remain very high, there are other methods of addressing the problem. The available research indicates that juvenile diversion programs reduce criminal justice system costs and are more cost-effective than traditional processing. One of the difficulties faced by diversion programs is that most programs are able to deal with only two or three percent of cases charged and may have difficulty demonstrating a downstream impact on recidivism. Finally, juvenile justice and recidivism necessitates more research studies, as there still remain many questions on how to prevent recidivism from occurring."
Abstract This research paper relates that some felony drug offenders are ordered by the court to complete substance abuse treatment as a condition of supervision while others are not. The paper presents a study to to determine the identifiable factors or characteristics of felony drug offenders that are ordered to complete substance abuse treatment by the court. This includes a study of offenders' criminal history, drug use history, prior treatment and characteristics.
Outline:
Literature Review
Purpose
Hypothesis
Method
Substance Abuse History/Substance Abuse Treatment History
Peer Pressure
Employment Status
Community Need
Agency Need
Plan of Action
Conclusion
From the Paper "Initial research on felony drug offenders appears to heavily focus on race sentencing disparities concerning incarceration periods. However, one might effectively argue ordering an individual to complete substance abuse treatment is a benefit of the sentence. This study is more interested in characteristics other than race. It is possible the present study may find a similar relationship to offenders ordered to complete substance abuse treatment as relationships observed in sentencing outcomes."
Abstract The paper offers a brief introduction to the U.S. legal structure and identifies the role of criminal courts and drug courts. The paper discusses the differences between the treatment of defendants in criminal courts and drug courts and explains that the success of drug courts in reducing recidivism is largely due to the application of justice with leniency and treatment.
Outline:
Abstract
Overview
Criminal Courts
Drug Courts
Conclusion
From the Paper "Both criminal and drug courts fall within the legal apparatus of the U.S. court system but they do so with somewhat different imperatives. The criminal courts have as the main priority to provide a forum for the prosecution to make the case for the conviction of the accused while, for the accused, they are a venue in which he or she can establish his or her innocence. In the typical drug courts, or similar diversion type program, they have, by the participation of the accused, essentially established so degree of guilt in advance but in recognition of the accused individual's drug problems the courts seek an alternative to simple prosecution and incarceration."
Abstract This study looks at the concept of interactive video games within the physical education curriculum. The first chapter of this study details the issue of weight training of children under the age of 16. The chapter also explains the rationale behind this study and the research questions that are designed to be answered. The paper includes literature reviews that indicate that interactive video games, when done properly, are not harmful in any way to children as young as kindergarten age. The third chapter in this paper details the methodology that will be used in the study to provide more information on the possible usage of interactive video games in physical education classes.
Table of Contents:
Chapter One - Introduction
Introduction
Background of the Problem
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of the Study Significance of the Study Research Question
Assumptions
Limitations
Definitions of Terms
Chapter Two - Review of Related Literature
Introduction
Literature Review
Conclusion
Chapter Three - Application for Research
References
From the Paper "Despite these studies, however, many of those that work in the PE curriculum and educate others about proper health and fitness still believe that strength training is dangerous for young children. The goal is then to find what will work safely for these children, and it appears as though the new interactive video games, especially those Played on the Wii and games like Dance Dance Revolution, can be a great strength training and cardiovascular alternative to lifting heavy weights or performing complicated aerobic routines."
Abstract Research study on high prison recidivism rate. Major problem of recidivism in the criminal corrections system. Use of schock incarcertation or the prison boot camp concept as an approach to solving the problem. Goal and objectives of shock incarcertation and other alternative approaches. Cites results based on studies.
From the Paper "RECIDIVISM: A REVIEW AND AN ANALYSIS
I. Introduction
The essence of the major problem confronting criminal corrections in the United States is the unacceptably high recidivism rate among the offenders processed through the system. The results of the application of many different approaches to the problem fail to provide a definitive answer to the recidivism problem. One approach that has become widely used in the United States is shock incarceration, or the prison boot camp concept (Bentayou, 1995).
Early research on the use of shock incarceration gave the programs glowing reviews. In all too many instances, however, the studies assessed limited data and tended to develop the findings that advocates of the concept wanted (Marcus-Mendoza, Klein-Saffran ..."
This paper discusses women and weight training, dispelling the myth that women who lift weights for exercise risk developing masculine-appearing muscles.
Abstract In this article, the writer explores how and why the myth that women "bulk up" in masculine and unattractive ways from lifting weights began. The writer also provides scientific details that disprove this myth. Further, the writer explains how and why building healthy muscle through appropriate weight-lifting will not make women "bulk up"; but instead become healthier, more physicallyfit and more attractive.
The writer maintains that weight-lifting allows most women who exercise regularly and correctly in this way to become healthier, more physicallyfit and more physically attractive. The writer concludes that women who have been holding back from weight-lifting due to the unrealistic fear of building too much muscle may now, therefore, relax about this faulty myth.
From the Paper "To possess good health; physical fitness, and a body both healthy and attractive are aspirations as important to women (and men) today as ever before. With today's myriad convenient yet unhealthy "fast-food" temptations and our typically too-sedentary 21st century lifestyles, becoming healthy; physically fit, and physically attractive, and then staying that way, are goals perhaps more difficult to attain (and when reached, maintain) than ever before. is to regularly lift weights: the barbell kind and/or by repetitively using weight-lifting machines made (most famously) by Nautilus, but also by various other manufacturers. There is now even an entire line of Nautilus and/or other weight-lifting machines, available in many gyms that are designed to be used only by women, precisely so that women who lift weights no longer fear having to "bulk up" by repetitively lifting weights."
