Abstract
This paper provides a brief overview of the ongoing struggle between Greece and Turkey. The paper describes the history of their relations, the wars fought between the two countries, massacres of populations and occupations of land, British involvement in the struggle, present day relations, as well as the current political situation in Cyprus.

From the Paper
"Despite many commonalitities, Greece and Turkey have been at odds for hundreds of years (Turkey pp). Although many subscribe to the myth of ancient hatred, there is however, a history of conflict that dates back to the entry of Turkish nomads into the Byzantine Empire in the 11th century, the eventual collapse of the Byzantine, the fall of Constantinople in 1453, and the long dominance of the Ottoman Dynasty over Greece and the Eastern Mediterranean islands (Turkey pp). Throughout history, the strategic location of the small Mediterranean island of Cyprus has been of interest of several states that sought to gain a foothold for Middle East invasions (Meier Pp). Greece gained control of the island in the 13th century B.C. and dominated the island until the Ottoman takeover of 1571, after which Turkish immigrants began to inhabit the island (Meier Pp). During the fall of the Ottoman Empire in the wake of its war with Russia, the United Kingdom negotiated to become the protecting power over Cyprus and officially gained sovereignty over the island in 1923 under the Treaty of Lausanne, making the island a British Crown Colony until its independence in 1960 (Meier Pp). Since Greece won its independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1832, relations between Greece and Turkey have been marked by mutual hostility resulting in four wars, The Greco-Turkish War of 1897, the Balkan Wars of 1912-1913, the First World War 1914-1918, and the Greco-Turkish War 1919-1922 (Ottoman pp)."

Tags:independent, arta, volos, euboia, cyclades, macedonia, thrace, black, sea, crete

Abstract
The paper discusses Greece's relationship with the European Union (EU) and the part Greece plays in the relationship between the Balkans and the EU. The paper notes the strategic position of Greece towards Turkey, the island of Cyprus and the Middle East. The paper then examines the economic and cultural dimensions of Greece's presence in the region.

From the Paper
"Greece can be considered to be one of the most important countries in the European Union and of the region. This is largely due to its geostrategic position as well as the resources it has at its disposal in terms of financial and political capital. At the same time, it represents a connecting point for two essential regions of the world, Europe and the Middle East. Through its geographical position as well as through the capabilities it uses on a constant basis in order to lead a coherent political direction, Greece is viewed today as a crucial actor in this part of the world."

Tags:Balkans, European, Union, Turkey, Cyprus, Middle, East

Abstract
This paper examines the historical and present factors that shape Turkey's foreign policy. The paper organizes these factors into two main categories; state level factors and international level factors. The also paper shows how Turkey is faced with one of the most complicated foreign policy situations in the world. Additionally, the paper discusses how there is little doubt that they have the potentialto become a high ranking influential power; whether their potential is realized will depend largely upon what directions in foreign policy are pursued. The paper includes MLA style sources but does not append a bibliography.

From the Paper
"Because the Ottoman Empire was essentially carved up by the victors of the Great War, Turkey was forced to totally redefine its foreign policy and self-image based on what the international community had given them. The result was a generally inward-looking policy that avoided foreign entanglements whenever possible, and such a policy has been the foundational belief and continuing practice of Turkish since its creation, with little variance until the end of the Cold War. Two factors are critical in explaining Turkey's historic restraint in foreign affairs. First, Turkey was reacting to the dramatic decline and fall of the Ottoman Empire, and the European battle of great-power politics. In order to keep it from being partitioned off by the European empires, Turkey had to distinguish itself clearly from its foreign empire, and assure its neighbors, by focusing solely on itself, that it was not threatening them by trying to revive old boundaries (the Soviet Union was the biggest threat, and an attempt to build a pan-Turkic empire would have no doubt ended in a battle which Turkey would undoubtedly have lost, followed by the Soviets annexing it into its Union of Republics)."

Tags:European, Union, Ottoman, Empire, Kurds, Cyprus, Greece, restraint, NATO

Abstract
The paper discusses how expansion of the European Union has been an issue for several years, and the potential admission of Turkey to the EU is one of the more important issues that needs to be addressed. The paper relates that advocates for Turkish membership in the European Union and opponents of it have all made persuasive arguments, for potential benefits are evident, but potential risks are evident as well. The paper reveals that the most convincing analyses indicate that EU membership would be successful in that it would provide more short-term benefits to Turkey than to current EU member states, but would generate more equitable long-term benefits to both Turkey and current EU member states.

From the Paper
"Expansion of the European Union has been an issue for several years, and the potential admission of Turkey to the EU is one of the more important issues that needs to be addressed. Advocates for Turkish membership in the European Union and opponents of it have all made persuasive arguments, for potential benefits are evident, but potential risks are evident as well. The most convincing analyses..."

Tags:turkey, and, eu

Abstract
This paper analyzes the efforts made by Turkey to gain acceptance into the European Union (EU), including the advantages to the EU of accepting Turkey. It looks at how the acceptance of Turkey is based on the country having stable institutions, respect for human rights, the rule of law, a functioning market economy and the ability to take on membership obligations.

From the Paper
"At a December summit in Copenhagen Denmark, European Union EU or the Union officials announced that Turkey could begin membership negotiations in December if it met certain membership criteria aimed ...."

Tags:Turkey, European Union

Abstract
This book reviews the book "Islamic Political Identity in Turkey" by M. Hakan Yavuz. The book details the political and ideological shift taking place in the largely Muslim country of Turkey. The paper analyzes the main issues presented in the book and investigates Turkey's future in the global sociopolitical order.

From the Paper
"'Islamic Political Identity in Turkey' by M. Hakan Yavuz is a timely explication of the political and ideological shift taking place in Turkey, a largely Muslim country which has experienced an Islamic resurgence after..."

Tags:Turkey, Islam, Islam, Muslim

Abstract
This paper examines issues involving immigration, migration and their effects on religion, women and minorities in the country of Turkey. It addresses the ethnic makeup of Turkey and how migration and immigration has contributed to this ethnic make up.

From the Paper
"According to a document published online by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, modern day Turkey was founded in ... from the Anatolian remnants of the defeated Ottoman Empire by a national hero, Mustafa Kemal. Under his authoritarian leadership, the country adopted wide-ranging social, legal and political reforms. After a period of one-party rule, an experiment with multi-party politics led to the election victory of the opposition Democratic Party and the peaceful transfer of power. Turkey is..."

Tags:Migration, Immigration, Religion, Women, Minorities, Turkey, Kurdish, Christianity, Ethnic, Women's Rights, Honor Killings, Agriculture

Abstract
The paper discusses the import and export regulations of Turkey, including its reform movement which is intended to move Turkey's regulations closer to the European Union's.

From the Paper
"Turkey maintains a customs system that applies the harmonized customs system that is used in the European Union, (EU). Since January, all imports to Turkey have been free, except for purposes of public order, protection, health, hygiene or national security. As noted by the Federation of International Trade Associations (FITA), administrative procedures of import have been simplified significantly since January and since the application of the EU's common customs tariff known as the EU's Common External Tariff. These are to be found in..."

Tags:Turkey, imports, exports, trade regulations

Abstract
The following paper compares and contrasts the policies, ideals and beliefs of Turkey and Iran by comparing the most prominent figures in each nations history - Iran's 'Khomeini' and Turkey's 'Ataturk'. By contrasting the ideals of these two figures we see many of the divergent characteristics of the two states coming to light.

From the Paper
"Since the First World War, Iran and Turkey have been characterized by extremely different historical trends. Iranian history is marked by numerous revolutions, long periods of weak statehood, and since 1970, an anti-Western government of religious radicalism. In contrast, Turkeys History is characterized by peaceful transitions of political power, Relatively stable statehood, and since 1950, a government imbued with Western democratic ideals. These contrasts can be explained by two main factors. First, the two countries found themselves in very different situations as a result of their different nineteenth century approaches to modernization. Second, there are important differences in the religious and ethnic compositions of Iran and Turkey. Additionally, a comparison of the most prominent figures in each nations history -- Iran s Khomeini and Turkeys Ataturk -- illustrates many of the divergent characteristics of the two states."

Tags:ataturk, ayatollah, east, iran, khomeni, middle, persia, persian, shah, turk, turkey, war, world

Abstract
This paper examines the main problems that modern Turkey faces and their possible origins such as: the military's weakening hold on the civilians, provisions of the 1961 Constitution, the forming of violent movements and economic instability. The paper provides future projections for Turkey and gives solutions in possible policy reform.

From the Paper
"Many of Turkey's current political and even cultural problems actually stem from the proportional representation provisions of its 1961 constitution, which made it difficult for any party to gain the majority needed to enact effective legislation. Action, as a result, has all too often been taken by the rising up of violent movements in the streets (Ibrahim, 2001, p. 38).The military's hold over the country has lessened. In 1989, ?zal was chosen as Turkey's first civilian head of state since 1960. However, despite the growing political stability of the central government over the last decade and an increasing commitment on the part of the nation to democracy, Turkey's economy suffered badly during the 1980s and 1990s due to government deficits, a weak currency, and continued economic losses incurred by the UN trade embargo of Iraq. All of these factors continue to have repercussions in the country's current economic condition, and the weakness in the economy has left the nation subject to Islamic nationalist movements that many Turks believe to be disruptive and (because they are backed by Arab interests) alien and insensitive to Turkey's unique position at the crossroads of the East and the West (Abramowitz, 2001, p. 81)."

Tags:Turkey, problems, economic, religoun, ethnic, modern, Constitution