Abstract This paper explains stringtheory, which has been put forth by physicists in an effort to develop a theory of gravity that can be incorporated into the quantum understanding of nature. The paper explains that stringtheory hypothesizes that classical point particles are actually infinitesimally small lines or, perhaps, loops and that the theory supports the concept that all quantum particles, including the messenger particle of gravity, or graviton, are components of a single, master superfield.
From the Paper "Generally speaking, considering the enormous amount of matter that was concentrated in a tiny space after the Big Bang, the setting for unification is contained by almost unbelievable energy levels. Efforts to achieve this "mathematically" have been reasonably successful and are termed Grand Unified Theories, or GUT. So far, physicists have managed to unify the electromagnetic, weak, and strong interactions into one formalism."
Abstract This paper discusses how one of the most highly-researched and developing theory of the present day as to the makeup of the universe is the stringtheory; a theory that attempts to link together the four fundamental forces that rule the interactions of matter - in turn, possibly creating a better explanation of what our universe consists of. The paper attempts to create a better understanding about the stringtheory along with other proven facts about astronomy (such as stars, black holes, or certain forces in order to have a clearer understanding of what our universe is really made of.
From the Paper "The Andromeda constellation is of special interest, as it contains the Andromeda Galaxy which is the spiral galaxy nearest to earth, approximately 2.5 million light years away, and it can even be seen with the naked eye ("Andromeda Galaxy," 2008). Though previous estimates of Andromeda's size ranged from 70,000 to 120,000 light years across, recent viewing with a Keck telescope now gives a new estimate of 200,000 light years in diameter which is twice the size of the Milky Way ("Andromeda Galaxy," 2008). The Andromeda Galaxy contains a few hundred billion stars and many of them are similar in properties to our galaxy, the Milky Way, as well as hundreds of clusters (Hodge, 2008). Between the stars and clusters is gas; where the gas is dense enough it condenses into new stars, otherwise the gas is mainly weak and is mostly atomic hydrogen (Hodge, 2008). There are also areas of dust both between stars and throughout the disk of the galaxy (Hodge, 2008). "
Abstract This paper expounds the ?Theory of Everything,? starting with the pioneering theories of Newton's "Laws of Motion" and Einstein's ?General Theory of Relativity,? developing right through to the cutting-edge ?stringtheory? research currently being conducted around the world today. It shows the importance of fields of study as seemingly diverse as calculus, differential geometry, electromagnetism, particle physics and quantum mechanics to the development of a ?Theory of Everything?.
From the Paper "However, there is a fundamental discord between Einstein's "Theory of General Relativity" and quantum mechanics. Einstein saw the universe in four dimensions (the three dimensions of space plus time). The gravitational force that binds matter to the earth stems from this space-time continuum. Since quantum mechanic's subatomic particles only exist theoretically, they cannot be located in space-time and their motion can only be hypothesized. Thus, we have two theories that work individually but not together. There are also many unanswered questions. Relativity cannot tell us how the big bang created the universe or what black holes consist of. Similarly, quantum theory is not able to make order or sense of the assortment of miniscule matter it describes."
Abstract This paper expounds the ?Theory of Everything,? starting with the pioneering theories of Newton's "Laws of Motion" and Einstein's ?General Theory of Relativity,? developing right through to the cutting-edge ?stringtheory? research currently being conducted around the world today. It shows the importance of fields of study as seemingly diverse as calculus, differential geometry, electromagnetism, particle physics and quantum mechanics to the development of a ?Theory of Everything?. It also demonstrates how those with access to this theory can use the knowledge as power for anything, such as understanding stock markets using the premise that the stock market moving up over time means that these are not random movements and therefore should be explainable.
From the Paper "Stock markets exist over time and space (the geographical markets) that we are able to quantify and understand to a degree. Therefore, as with Einstein, we are fairly comfortable with the stock market in its familiar four dimensions. We have become accustomed to inflation; the rising of prices of goods rise over time and this is obviously a major reason for at least part of the upward rise of share prices. However, what happens when we explore the smaller dimensions ? like the six unknown dimensions string theorists grapple with? Like the string theorists who know that subatomic matter exists but can?t explain or predict its behavior, we often know what influences the stock market but are usually unable to predict it."
Abstract This paper introduces and explains several theories in physics, such as the M theory, stringtheory, quantum mechanics, and general relativity theory. It presents them in layman's terms and explains how these theories all work (or don't work) together.
From the Paper "Quantum mechanics or the quantum field theory has worked well to describe the known behaviors and properties of particles of the Planck length or very small particles. General Relativity works with large objects like planets and galaxies. However the theories only works when one of the two theories can be neglected. General relativity has explained a lot about the universe, the evolution of stars, the orbits of planets, and best-known theory "the Big Bang". It also shows how black holes and gravitational forces work. However, the General relativity theory only works on its own and when we think of the universe in traditional matter because of the fact that quantum mechanics dose not comply the description of General Relativity. The two work well to explain the theories they were set up to explain however the do not work together. String theory was then conceived to explain the how Quantum Mechanics, the really small stuff, and General Relativity, the really large stuff, works together."
Abstract This paper introduces the concept of Grand Unified Theory--or GUT--the major accomplishments of the theory to date, as well as the most promising directions for the future. Foremost among these is the emergence of stringtheory or superstring theory in physics: it may provide the tools necessary to ultimately link the major branches of physics under the overarching cosmological model of the universe.
This paper discusses nursing theory, specifically in regards to self-care facilitated by Dorothy Orem's model and the mid-range theory of the community health model.
Abstract This paper discusses the importance of nursing theory as not simply a philosophical abstraction, but as also useful for the demands for "description, explanation, prediction and control" during nursing work and study. Having a background in nursing theories can prove helpful because theories give clues as to what to ask, what to observe, what to focus on and what to think about when a nurse is under pressure or dealing with a noncompliant patient. The paper asserts that even grand theories have a practical emphasis. They can offer validation of the patient's cultural differences and self-empowerment and actualization through facilitating patient self-care. Self-care facilitation is a stress in many of the grand theories, as Orem's theory likewise attempts to address self-care deficits such as patient noncompliance with a dietary or physical fitness regime. There is always inevitable overlap between models, as contemporary nursing models and grand theories all strive to be limited to a focus on problems in nurse-patient situations or problems in person-environment interaction to be of use in practitioners in the field. Furthermore, the paper looks at the use of middle range theories in nursing, which some assert are more useful and more easily tested in practice. These mid-range theories act as subsidiaries of grand theories, and draw a great deal of their philosophy from grand theories. The major categories of knowledge reflected in different contemporary nursing models and grand theories, which include needs-based approaches, interaction-based approaches, outcome-focused approaches and humanistic approaches can be placed through the use of mid-range theories in a very specific context, such as pain management, or health promotion.
From the Paper "Orem places a strong emphasis on exercise and physical activity that the patient can achieve him or herself. In the Community Empowerment Model, the nurse can provide counseling how to achieve such goals in the context of the patient's specific community and cultural environment (Extract from "Medicare Primary and Consumer Directed Care Demonstration: Health Promotion Nurse Intervention Model," 2002). The importance of exercise is directly derived from Orem's stress upon the need for the nurse to help the patient with such basic self-care modalities as nutrition, hygiene (including better sleep hygiene), mobility (including exercise), medication, and more empowered behavior. Orem also stresses patient empowerment in the context of direct nursing care, where the nurse has direct contact with client and/or family, along with Orem's the belief that self-care deficits are the result of environmental situations (Mayo, 1997).
"The environmental impact upon self-care also illustrates how the Community Empowerment Middle Range theory springs directly from Orem's influence, along with the pragmatic and humanist philosophical influences gave birth to Orem's stress upon patient empowerment during the entire process of treatment. The Community Empowerment Model also incorporates multiculturalism into its philosophy. Both theories share the logical positivist emphasis which stresses situations and context dictating the course of treatment, and the importance of taking into consideration the environment of the patient."
Tags: self-care facilitation Orem, mid-range theory, community health model, treatment
A review and discussion regarding four different criminal theories: differential association theory, strain theory, routine activity theory, and a feminist theory.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 1 source, 2005, $ 44.95
Abstract This paper examines four critical theories that have been developed in order to study criminal behavior in human societies. Each of the theories discussed in this paper have been chosen from a wide list of options and are part of a separate classification group. The four theories that this paper identifies are differential association theory, strain theory, routine activity theory, and a feminist theory.
From the Paper "Criminology is a wide field devoted to the theoretical study of crime, of its causes, of its relationship to the law, and of its relationship to human communities. In a way, crime affects all human societies at very fundamental levels. That such a powerful force should spawn a critical discipline devoted to its study is not surprising. Once it became an academic discipline it is even less surprising that critics and theorists have been unable to agree upon a theoretical framework that encompasses all aspects of criminology. Instead, criminology has been divided, over the years, into a number of critical theories that sometimes complement one another and other times are at odds with each other."
Abstract Social Structure Theories and Social Processes Theories are often used interchangeably. This essay highlights the fundamental differences outlining social structure and social process theories. In order to compare these theories, the paper draws attention to the various theories of juvenile delinquency and the difference of perspective involved and the obtrusive causes outlined by the distinct theories for engagement in criminal acts at a young age. Two different theories are presented attempting to explain juvenile delinquency, presenting various facets of adolescent criminal behavior and the possible causes of such behavior.
From the Paper "One of the major challenges faced by the law-making authorities of the United States today is the reduction of juvenile delinquency and to increase the effectiveness of lawful regulations in the country. The alarming augmentation in crime rate at adolescent echelon is the most worrisome problem facing America therefore researchers and experts of the related field have developed various theories regarding juvenile delinquency outlining motivations and reasons behind the existence and the frequency of crime at juvenile stage. In order to well-comprehend the perspective of various philosophies related to juvenile delinquency, it is highly essential to know what juvenile delinquency is about."
Abstract This essay discusses broad nursing theory and mid-range theory. The specific theories that are used as examples are comfort theory (mid-range) and self care deficit theory (broad theory). The paper shows that both theories are constructive to nursing, but that mid-range theory allows experimentation and solid conclusions.
Abstract In this article, the writer first discusses that most researchers believed that during the 1950s the topics that were not raised consistently as influences on educational theories like racial discrimination, status of women, etc., had more drastic effect than the issues that were addressed. The writer then relates that educational theories were more specialized and respected in the 1960s than any other on the basis of the incorporation of assessment procedures that guaranteed impartiality, lucidity, and practical inflexibility. Further, the writer notes that Thomas Kuhn's Structure of Scientific Revolutions in 1970 basically brought forth the notion of competition that was singly the most influential concept in the coming decades. The writer points out that the decade of the 1980s saw feminism, neo-Marxist notion, and the first drafts of the postmodern theory being considered as legal areas of concern in the sphere educational philosophy. Finally, the writer notes that the 1990s brought around tragedy, feelings of loss and uncertainty among the societies. The writer concludes that in the future, one can hope that the reforms and incorporations that have been made over the past decades in the education theories yield fruitful results by enhancing educational standards and efficiency of the execution of education philosophies.
Outline:
Educational Theory and Philosophy during 1950s
Educational Theory and Philosophy during 1960s
Educational Theory and Philosophy during 1970s
Educational Theory and Philosophy during 1980s
Educational Theory and Philosophy during 1990s
Conclusion
From the Paper "There were also quite a few articles that chose to concentrate only the numerous problems or aspects of the education policies present like the level of educational liberty available to both the students and the teachers, the educational as well as peripheral responsibilities of the academic management. An example of an essay of this format is the article written by Willard Spalding who was the Dean of the College of Education at the University of Illinois at the time. He in this article tried to design a completely fresh notion and theory of training the teachers. He believed that this could be achieved by invalidating what he believed to be the conservative or traditional comprehension of the association amid the traits and various units of education. He followed the viewpoint first brought forth by Aristotle that regarded the numerous units as the primary factors whereas the traits as the secondary factors. Spalding supported this viewpoint because he believed that this led to a more lucid understanding of the society's needs and requirements for the educational standards, temperaments and policies."
Abstract This paper examines the many theories and processes of contemporary management theory and explains the benefits and drawbacks of implementing these theories. The paper explains two of these theories - contingency theory and systems theory - in detail. The writer discusses how all of the contemporary management theories are somehow related to another. The writer then suggests that in order to understand these differences, organizations must become a 'learning organization' and be efficient in their knowledge management. The writer further notes that there are limitations to some of these theories as they are still currently being researched, developed and revised as time passes. The writer concludes that the beauty of contemporary management theory is that it allows us to combine, experiment and find best alternatives in dealing with today's managerial problems.
From the Paper "Management has been around since the beginning of human civilization, way back to the Egyptian times. The earlier years of the last century gave birth to the first theories in approaching management, which we today classify as the classical perspective. During that time management theorists "conceptualise organisations as machines, and workers as cogs within those machines" (Davidson et al. 2006, p. 21). This view gradually evolved into behavioural perspectives theories. The behavioural theories incorporated the elements of "individual attitudes and behaviours" as well as the "group processes" (Davidson et al. 2006, p. 22). At present we now look at management at a contemporary perspective. Contemporary theories "seek to derive value for the organisation" (Davidson et al. 2006, p. 26) by trying to interpret the "today's organizational environments" through the use of past and current perspectives."
An assessment of the implications of the use of major theories in educational psychology in literacy teaching and how these theories are implemented to evaluate and reflect on ways to improve teaching practices to English speaking students.
Abstract The paper discusses in detail the current approaches to the manner in which people learn and of the classification of these groups. It states there are many theories on learning and how people learn and that there are elements of cross over between many of the theories. The paper explores the factors that can influence the way people learn in relation to learning theories.
Outline:
Introduction
Behaviourism
Learning environment
How this theory relates to my own practice and communication
Cognitive development
Learning environment
How this theory relates to my own practice and communication
Humanism
Learning environment
How this theory relates to my own practice and communication
Gestalt
Learning environment
How this theory relates to my own practice and communication
Ways in which theories and principles of learning and communication will apply to promote inclusive practice
Conclusion
From the Paper "To communicate effectively to all of my learners, I will always bear the Hierarchy of Needs in mind when lesson planning by providing adequate support and resources, including help, respect, and encouragement to assist the various learning styles and domains. This will include sensory learning experiences using facts and general concepts relating to their own culture and background, visual and verbal prompting, experiential learning and time for evaluation and analysis through active reflection, in a detailed structured way "
Tags: learing, teaching, communication, Dewey, humanistic, theory
Abstract The paper discusses how social structure theories attempt to analyze the driving forces that change society and that sociologists who study social change use the study of both criminology and sociology to draw conclusions about criminal behavior. The paper further explains that the three main branches of social structure theories are the social disorganization theory, the social strain theory and the cultural deviance theory. In this paper, the major social structural theories are defined and analyzed. The culmination of this paper addresses the question - How well have social structure theories explained delinquent behavior in society?
From the Paper "The strain theories express the discontent of Americans who fail to achieve the American dream. Crimes committed by white collar, middle class workers can be explained by the strain theories. An example of this is workplace violence, which, according to a Bureau of Justice Statistics Crime Characteristics accounts for 18 percent of all violent crime between 1993 and 1999 . Unfortunately, it is not unheard of for a worker who was recently fired to return to his old employer to vent his anger by opening fire on anyone in site. Such violence demonstrates how competition to succeed prompts crime as the anomie theory contends."
Abstract Of the four theories of the mass media made famous by Siebert et. al., this essay will focus on two, namely the Authoritarian Theory and the Libertarian Theory. Based on an analysis of the 'Proposed Equation' between ideology as such and the Theories of the Mass Media, this essay delves into a comparison of these two theories.
