Abstract
This paper explains string theory, which has been put forth by physicists in an effort to develop a theory of gravity that can be incorporated into the quantum understanding of nature. The paper explains that string theory hypothesizes that classical point particles are actually infinitesimally small lines or, perhaps, loops and that the theory supports the concept that all quantum particles, including the messenger particle of gravity, or graviton, are components of a single, master superfield.

From the Paper
"Generally speaking, considering the enormous amount of matter that was concentrated in a tiny space after the Big Bang, the setting for unification is contained by almost unbelievable energy levels. Efforts to achieve this "mathematically" have been reasonably successful and are termed Grand Unified Theories, or GUT. So far, physicists have managed to unify the electromagnetic, weak, and strong interactions into one formalism."

Tags:fundamental, forces, nature, nuclear, force, unify, unification, big, bang, universe

Abstract
This paper discusses how one of the most highly-researched and developing theory of the present day as to the makeup of the universe is the string theory; a theory that attempts to link together the four fundamental forces that rule the interactions of matter - in turn, possibly creating a better explanation of what our universe consists of. The paper attempts to create a better understanding about the string theory along with other proven facts about astronomy (such as stars, black holes, or certain forces in order to have a clearer understanding of what our universe is really made of.

From the Paper
"The Andromeda constellation is of special interest, as it contains the Andromeda Galaxy which is the spiral galaxy nearest to earth, approximately 2.5 million light years away, and it can even be seen with the naked eye ("Andromeda Galaxy," 2008). Though previous estimates of Andromeda's size ranged from 70,000 to 120,000 light years across, recent viewing with a Keck telescope now gives a new estimate of 200,000 light years in diameter which is twice the size of the Milky Way ("Andromeda Galaxy," 2008). The Andromeda Galaxy contains a few hundred billion stars and many of them are similar in properties to our galaxy, the Milky Way, as well as hundreds of clusters (Hodge, 2008). Between the stars and clusters is gas; where the gas is dense enough it condenses into new stars, otherwise the gas is mainly weak and is mostly atomic hydrogen (Hodge, 2008). There are also areas of dust both between stars and throughout the disk of the galaxy (Hodge, 2008). "

Tags:constellations, stars, black, holes, matter

Abstract
This paper expounds the "Theory of Everything," starting with the pioneering theories of Newton's "Laws of Motion" and Einstein's "General Theory of Relativity," developing right through to the cutting-edge "string theory" research currently being conducted around the world today. It shows the importance of fields of study as seemingly diverse as calculus, differential geometry, electromagnetism, particle physics and quantum mechanics to the development of a "Theory of Everything". It also demonstrates how those with access to this theory can use the knowledge as power for anything, such as understanding stock markets using the premise that the stock market moving up over time means that these are not random movements and therefore should be explainable.

From the Paper
"Stock markets exist over time and space (the geographical markets) that we are able to quantify and understand to a degree. Therefore, as with Einstein, we are fairly comfortable with the stock market in its familiar four dimensions. We have become accustomed to inflation; the rising of prices of goods rise over time and this is obviously a major reason for at least part of the upward rise of share prices. However, what happens when we explore the smaller dimensions " like the six unknown dimensions string theorists grapple with" Like the string theorists who know that subatomic matter exists but can't explain or predict its behavior, we often know what influences the stock market but are usually unable to predict it."

Tags:einstein, gravity, investment, newton, relativity, shares, stocks, string

Abstract
This paper introduces the concept of Grand Unified Theory--or GUT--the major accomplishments of the theory to date, as well as the most promising directions for the future. Foremost among these is the emergence of string theory or superstring theory in physics: it may provide the tools necessary to ultimately link the major branches of physics under the overarching cosmological model of the universe.

Tags:gut, superstrings, physics

Abstract
This paper expounds the "Theory of Everything," starting with the pioneering theories of Newton's "Laws of Motion" and Einstein's "General Theory of Relativity," developing right through to the cutting-edge "string theory" research currently being conducted around the world today. It shows the importance of fields of study as seemingly diverse as calculus, differential geometry, electromagnetism, particle physics and quantum mechanics to the development of a "Theory of Everything."

From the Paper
"However, there is a fundamental discord between Einstein's "Theory of General Relativity" and quantum mechanics. Einstein saw the universe in four dimensions (the three dimensions of space plus time). The gravitational force that binds matter to the earth stems from this space-time continuum. Since quantum mechanic's subatomic particles only exist theoretically, they cannot be located in space-time and their motion can only be hypothesized. Thus, we have two theories that work individually but not together. There are also many unanswered questions. Relativity cannot tell us how the big bang created the universe or what black holes consist of. Similarly, quantum theory is not able to make order or sense of the assortment of miniscule matter it describes."

Tags:calculus, differential, einstein, electromagnetism, geometry, gravity, mechanics, motion, newton, particle, physics, quantum, relativity, string

Abstract
This paper dicusses the historical origin, the theorized expansion of the universe, and the nature of strings and string behavior.

Abstract
This paper introduces and explains several theories in physics, such as the M theory, string theory, quantum mechanics, and general relativity theory. It presents them in layman's terms and explains how these theories all work (or don't work) together.

From the Paper
"Quantum mechanics or the quantum field theory has worked well to describe the known behaviors and properties of particles of the Planck length or very small particles. General Relativity works with large objects like planets and galaxies. However the theories only works when one of the two theories can be neglected. General relativity has explained a lot about the universe, the evolution of stars, the orbits of planets, and best-known theory "the Big Bang". It also shows how black holes and gravitational forces work. However, the General relativity theory only works on its own and when we think of the universe in traditional matter because of the fact that quantum mechanics dose not comply the description of General Relativity. The two work well to explain the theories they were set up to explain however the do not work together. String theory was then conceived to explain the how Quantum Mechanics, the really small stuff, and General Relativity, the really large stuff, works together."

Tags:einstein, field, general, mechanics, physics, quantum, relativity, string, theoretical, theory, unified

Abstract
This paper discusses how W. Arntz, B. Chasse, and M. Vicente's movie "What the Bleep do we Know!?" is a documentary-style film that covers everything from string theory to a Polish wedding and how it is part documentary with fourteen scientists interviewed throughout the film, discussing string theory, reality, and quantum physics in detail, along with a story about a fictional woman named Amanda struggling to come to grips with her own realities in life. The paper portrays the author's personal review of the film and how he considers the film a potentially life-changing event in understanding our own reality.

From the Paper
"A couple of the other physics concepts can be difficult to comprehend, as well. For example, one concept is that things can exist in more than one space at a time, but people do not choose to see them, and so, when they look at them they disappear. This section of the film might turn away a lot of viewers, because much of the discussion may be over their heads and the might find it boring. These ideas are some of the most "out there" of the film, and the hardest for the mathematicians to really get across. The talk of what is real and what a person sees versus what they remember was understandable, but many of the other concepts may just be too odd for people to wrap their heads around. For example, the atom discussion on how nothing is solid, even though it appears solid, could be hard for people to take, too. Wise people say that it is true, but for most people, if you hit a cement block with your hand, your experience is that it's solid enough to break your hand, and they will believe that experience more than the mathematicians. These are concepts that bear study and discussion, but for many people, they need "concrete" evidence (pun intended), and this film is more about the esoteric than the concrete."

Tags:polish, wedding, string, theory

Abstract
This paper looks at how the question of the origins of the universe has concerned humanity for centuries and how understanding the origins of the universe also implies an understanding of creation and leads to insight into humanities place in the universe. The central scientific theory on this subject, known as the Big Bang theory, is compared to two modern theories that have become popular alternatives to the Big Bang theory. The two other theories are ekpyrotic theory and the split universe theory. The central thesis that is explored in this paper is that the Big Bang theory does not provide a comprehensive and satisfying explanation of the origins of the universe and that the other theories provide a more comprehensive and fitting explanation.

Outline:
Outline
Introduction
Major Theories
The Big Bang Theory of the Origins of the Universe
Ekpyrotic Theory
The Split Universe Theory
Analysis and Argument
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Another theory that has become popular is the theory that the universe is in fact split into two. This is also based on quantum string theory. According to this view, the universe was at one point ten-dimensional but this was unstable structure. As a result it split into two universes - one with six dimension and one with four dimensions. We exist in the four-dimensional universe. Therefore, according to this theory, the Big Bang was in fact the breakdown of the ten dimensional universe into two parts ( Theories on the Existence and Origin of the Universe).
"This theory was put forward by, among others, Cumrun Vafa, a professor at Harvard University. He has determined that "...the six-dimensional universe is in the shape of an orbifold. The simplest example of an orbifold is a cone, but in this case the universe is a 'twisted torus' - a doughnut shape" ( Theories on the Existence and Origin of the Universe)."

Tags:quantum, string, Ekpyrotic

Abstract
The paper explains how Kathleen Stassen Berger, in her book "The Developing Person Through the Life Span", considers how each stage leads to the next and how biological and sociological causes affect the psychological development of any individual. The writer considers events from her own life in light of Berger's theories in order to determine the ways in which her own personal development has been a result of a string of causes and effects throughout the stages of her life. The writer looks at her infancy and preschool years, school years and adolescence and finally, adulthood.

From the Paper
"In her book "The Developing Person Through the Life Span," Kathleen Stassen Berger outlines the stages of growth from infancy to adulthood and discusses the psychological impacts of each stage. She shows how each stage leads to the next and considers how both biological and sociological effect the psychological development of any individual. Using a concept called the "butterfly effect", she shows how small and seemingly unimportant developments in any single stage can compound through successive stages to result in specific types of personality development. (The "butterfly effect" is borrowed from the concept in environmental science in which it is said that when a butterfly beats its wings in one part of the world, a storm can occur in another part of world. The interconnectedness of events is the key concept here.)"

Tags:butterfly, effect, biological, sociological, infancy, preschool, years, school, adolescence, adulthood