Abstract
The salaries of the baseball players when compared to their performance comes out to be justified according to the equity theory. This paper presents statistics and research studies that compare values and present that the players in Major League Baseball are neither underpaid nor overpaid, rather they get paid their just deserves.

Tags:highest, baseball, players

Abstract
Once again, there is talk in the air about a potential baseball strike or a lockout by the owners after the 2002 season. Over the past 20 years, particularly, strikes and threats of strikes in the four major professional sports have almost become a way of life. Even the NASCAR racing league is not immune, as we will see in this paper.

Tags:collective, bargaining, sports

Abstract
This paper aims to determine the proper training method that will develop the strength, speed, cleverness and aerobic capacity of young soccer players between the ages of 12 and 16 years old. A qualitative analysis is conducted of the relevant and peer-reviewed literature to develop some sound guidelines that can be followed in virtually any setting to help improve the physical conditioning of young athletes on and off the soccer field, as well as some useful insights to help overcome the obstacles inherent in promoting healthy alternatives with young people today. A summary of the research, conclusions and recommendations to this end are provided in the conclusion chapter.

Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of Study
Importance of Study
Scope of Study
Rationale of Study
Limitations/Delimitations of Study
Definition of Terms
Overview of Study
Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature
Chapter 3: Methodology
Description of the Study Approach
Database of Study
Chapter 4: Data Analysis
Chapter 5: Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations

From the Paper
"In addition, a number of states do not have a daily physical education requirement, and even in those that do, many children in physical education classes are not meeting the desired physical fitness goals. Finally, an increasing number of American children are engaging in sedentary activities such as television viewing and web "surfing," trends that are increasingly occupying significant amounts of children's free time (Dietz, 1990). There are a wide range of approaches to help reduce sports-related injuries in young athletes such as coaching education, parent education, proper equipment; in addition, the establishment of fundamental fitness abilities, including preparatory muscle conditioning as a preventative health measure should not be overlooked. According to the American College of Sports Medicine, up to 50 percent of all injuries sustained by children while playing organized sports are likely preventable (Smith, Andrish, & Micheli, 1993)."

Tags:athletics, activity, ball, fitness

Abstract
In counseling or coaching injured athletes, far more than their physical condition must be taken into account. Coaches and other counselors are charged, as well, with attending to the psychological, mental and even spiritual needs of the athlete. Because of this, there are ethical issues inherent in the coaching or counseling relationship. The paper explains that for such reasons, the American Counseling Association and the Association for the Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology have both put into place codes of ethics that can be used to help prevent abusive counseling/coaching relationships with injured athletes. The paper assesses how coaches and counselors can best assist injured athletes and avoid conflict of interest or other unethical considerations, by looking at the requirements of each code.

Paper Outline:
Introduction
Ethics and Standards
American Counseling Association (ACA) Code of Ethics and Standards of Practice
Ethical Principles and Standards of the Association for the Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology
Conclusion
References

From the Paper
"While one researcher noted that coaches were prone to act unethically in sending injured players back to the game too soon, it appears more likely that any ethical dilemmas facing athletes and coaches/counselors revolve around coaches failing to understand fully the injuries they might have to deal with regularly, and also failing to exercise the compassion the students in the Sherman study and other expressed a need for. The fact that coaches were seen, in one study, as distant makes it all the more important that we change our minds about what constitutes ethical dilemmas."

Tags:AAASP, psychology, welfare, injury

Abstract
This paper discusses the tremendous growth of participation in amateur athletic events over the past few decades in terms of their scope, power and economic status and that in the United States alone, amateur athletics involve the lives and athletic experiences of people from their childhood through high school and college and beyond. This paper also discusses how high school and college sports are one of the most popular and important aspects of academic life today and that the camaraderie and fellowship that can emerge among sports players can possibly last a lifetime. The focus of this paper is on a disturbing trend towards violence in sports that has emerged in recent years. While injuries and mishaps can reasonably be expected to take place in any sporting event, there is frequently a fine distinction between intimidating tactics and violence that can result in serious injuries on the sporting field.

From the Paper
"While violence in collegiate sports has received much attention in recent years, a less publicized problem also exists. College athletes are highly popular figures on campus and in communities, but they are being unfairly treated in terms of how they are compensated for their efforts. While the performance of these student athletes on the field or court provides millions of dollars in revenue for universities, these students receive only their scholarships (usually comprised of tuition, room, and board), but no spending money. Furthermore, under current NCAA regulations, these student athletes are prohibited from even working part-time during the season. "Athletes have been caught trying to make money by getting loans from coaches and advisers," the author says, "selling the shoes and other gear they get as team members, taking allowances from agents, and getting paid for no-show summer jobs provided by jock-sniffing alumni--all violations of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) rules" (38). "

Tags:non, sporting, events, athletes, students, teams, coaches, drugs

Abstract
This paper researches the use and development of anabolic steroids in professional and college level athletes and traces its effect and impact on the psycho-physiology of the sports player.

Abstract
The following paper examines the outrageous sums of money commanded by NHL players. To elaborate upon this point, the paper looks at the cost of NHL salaries vis-a-vis ordinary working-class families or skilled professionals. The paper also highlights the cost of a small family attending one game. As soon become evident, hockey players are not paid because of their value to society, but because there are so few of them to go around.

From the Paper
"Over the last three decades, professional sports have become big business - in some cases, multi-billion dollar business. Perhaps nowhere is this development more pronounced than in pro hockey, where salaries have climbed from the level of dentists and doctors to the level of corporate CEOs and Wall Street power-brokers. The following paper will examine hockey salaries and determine whether hockey players - like most entertainers - are entirely deserving of their massive salaries, or whether they are over-paid and over-praised (as many fans and non-fans argue). In any event, what should emerge from the following discussion is that the law of supply-and-demand, more so than any law of social utility, informs the rationale for the massive pay-outs to big-league hockey players."

Tags:sports, salaries, fans

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that with the advent of modern communication and media technologies, sports have become a global industry and have become a channel for cultural and ethnic diversity. The writer investigates the role of sports in promoting cultural exchange. The term cultural exchange is used by the paper to refer to the assimilation or accommodation of practices associated with non-American cultural traditions. Changes in existing perception about a particular culture because of the sports exposure are also assessed. Sports of interest are primarily baseball, basketball as well as American football - sports which have been identified the most with the United States. Current perceptions of the influx of foreign players and its implication to the industry, players and sports fans are also assessed. At the end of the paper, a conclusion is developed as to the effectiveness of sports as a platform of cultural communication.

Outline:
Introduction
Background
Assessment
Implications
Conclusion
Works Cited

From the Paper
" A good illustration of the case is the recruitment of Yao Ming. His physical stature and sport are not directly associated with the characterization of being Chinese. Joanne Tang points out that the popular characterization of the race has been that they are of diminutive in statures, associated with martial arts or as academics and involved in trade. Chinese athletes have also been more associated with gymnastics, diving and marital arts. Thus, Yao seemed to be distinctly out of character. At the same time, he also didn't subscribe to the idea of a basketball star, appearing even at times recalcitrant to face the public or the media. Baseball's Masanori Murakami experience was also similar. He recalls that though baseball was considered a big sport even in his time, he had to significantly adjust to the intensity of playing in Major League Baseball. One critical difference in perspective that he refers to is that his view of playing baseball before playing in the United States was that it was a profession foremost but in the United States, the celebrity value of athletes is much more pronounced."

Tags:baseball, basketball, athletes, foreign, players

Abstract
This paper details the personal services contract and its relevance to sports. The role of the athlete and their contractual relationship with individual promoter or team owners is discussed. The history of player union and sports league relationships is reviewed and the governing bodies that control this relationship are explained. The collective bargaining process, arbitration and mediation process is explained as it relates to professional sports. Finally, the results of fail negotiations is relayed in the form of player strikes or owner lock-outs.

From the Paper
"This paper shall explore the polices, procedures and grievances that can occur in sports. The personal services contract and its relevance to sports shall be detailed. The role of the athlete and their contractual relationship with individual promoter or team owners shall be discussed. The history of player union and sports league relationships is reviewed and the governing bodies that control this relationship are explained. The collective bargaining process, arbitration and mediation process shall be explained as it relates to professional sports. Finally, the results of fail negotiations shall be relayed in the form of player strikes or owner..."

Tags:policies, procedures, sports

Abstract
This paper considers issues surrounding why women are paid less in sports and in sports endorsements, including performance issues, Title IX, and whether attractiveness is an issue. The paper also discusses the history of sports as an industry in the United States.

From the Paper
"Disparity in pay between men and women in the workforce is nothing new. Women have long fought for equal pay for equal work and have largely achieved this. A woman engineer should receive the same pay as a male counterpart if their education and experience levels are the same. However, there remains one area of the American workplace where this parity has yet to occur: on the sports field. Men and women both compete in professional sports, yet men are paid..."

Tags:sports, endorsements, Title IX